Introduction to GIS

Outline
What is GIS What is RS Components of GIS What can GIS do? Application of GIS Remote Sensing Process Electromagnetic Radiation Electromagnetic Spectrum

GIS & RS
GPS
Aerial Photo RS image Processing

Surveying

Geographic Information system

Collected Attributes

Other Source/ Documents

History of GIS

In early 80s , ESRI developed a commercial GIS software product (ARCINFO), in mini computer In late 90s, ESRI launched a whole platform on the desktop and extended to the server, mobile and Web platforms (Web GIS) In ArcGIS Consists of ArcMap, ArcCatalog, and ArcToolbox, ArcReader Latest Version is ArcGis 10 ArcGIS is a Wondows Suit consisting of a group of geographic information system(GIS) software products produced by Esri. At the desktop GIS level, ArcGIS can include
ArcReader, which allows one to view and query maps created with the other Arc products; ArcView, which allows one to view spatial data, create layered maps, and perform basic spatial analysis; ArcEdiotor, which, in addition to the functionality of ArcView, includes more advanced tools for manipulation of shape files and geodatabases; or ArcInfo which includes capabilities for data manipulation, editing, and analysis.

History of GIS
Prior to the ArcGIS suite, Esri had focused its software development on the command line Arc/INFO workstation program and several Graphical User Interface based products such as the ArcView GIS 3.X desktop program In late 1999, Esri released ArcGIS 8.0, which ran on the Microsoft Windows Operating System. ArcGIS combined the visual user-interface aspect of ArcView GIS 3.x interface with some of the power from the Arc/INFO version 7.2 workstation ArcGIS 9 was released in May 2004, which included ArcGIS Server and ArcGIS Engine for developers. The ArcGIS 9 release includes a geoprocessing environment that allows execution of traditional GIS processing tools (such as clipping, overlay, and spatial analysis) interactively or from any scripting language

History of GIS
On June 26, 2008, Esri released ArcGIS 9.3. The new version of ArcGIS Desktop has new modeling tools and geostatistical error tracking features.

In May 2009, Esri released ArcGIS 9.3.1, which improved the performance of dynamic map publishing and introduced better sharing of geographic information
In 2010, Esri announced what had previously been thought of as version 9.4 would be version 10

Application in Civil Engineering

Town Planning and Site investigation Terrain mapping and analysis

Water resources Engineering

Hydro power development Infrastructure and transportation Network analysis, landslide analysis

An acronym for GIS

Geographic Information System (Common term) Geophical Information System Geographic Information Science (academic) Geographic Real world features or objects that can be referenced to a specific location in space Information Specific characteristic, descriptions or properties of real world features System Integrated and collaborative combination of hardware, software,analysis and presentations methods as well as user communities

A typical GIS can be understood by the help of defination given below: Geographic information system as a computerised system that facilitates the phase of data entry, data analysis and data presentation especially in cases when we are dealing with geireferenced data.

GIS is a set of tools for collecting, storing, retrieving, transforming and displaying spatial data from the real world for a particular purpose. (Burrough, 1986) GIS is a computer based system that provides four sets of capabilities to handle the geo-referenced data
Data input Data management Manipulation visualization

Energy Source or Illumination(A) Electromagnetic energy to the target

Radiation and Atmospheric (B) Contact or Interact with atmosphere Also from target to sensor Interaction with Target (C) Depends upon properties of both radiation and target
Recording of Energy by the Sensor(D) Scattered or emitted from target Collect and record the electromagnetic radiation

Transmission, Reception and Processing (E) In electronic form to receiving and processing station Data are processed into an image (Hardcopy/Digital) Interpretation and Analysis (F) Interpreted Visually/digitally/electronically Application(G) Final element of remote sensing , apply the information for better understand

Components of GIS
Hardware
Computers, printers /plotters, scanners, network, digital tablets etc

Software
ArcView,ArcGIS/ArcINFO, MapINFO, ERDAS, ILWIS, PCI Geomatics

Data
Spatial and non Spatial data

Methods
Methods of Analysis

People/User communities
Different Fields and Sectors

What can GIS do?

In nutshell, GIS can show

Position/ Location of feature or Object Condition Trends Patterns Modelling Spatial and non-spatial

What can GIS do?

Location / Position
What is at that point
A Residential building with detail information

What is the position ( co-ordinate)

What can GIS do?

Condition
Where is It?

Where are the resedential buildings more then 5 floors

What can GIS do?

Trends
What has been changed since? Increase in the number of Buildings ( 2000-2005)

Number of buildings increased in this area

What can GIS do?

Pattern
What spatial pattern exist? What is the Pattern of Traffic Accidents Occurance high in Major intersections

What can GIS do?

Modelling What if
What will be change in traffic flow if new segment has been added Heavy Traffic volumn in new segment

What can GIS do?

Therefore: Spatial question

What is the shortest route from one specific point to another specific point

Non spatial Question

What is the average income rate of the population in different wards in a muncipality

Assignment
Based on the introductory part of todays lecture
Explain the application of RS and GIS in Civil Engineering aspect taking example of one sector in which you want to work on.