Analog To Digital Converter

Chapter 6: AD/DA CONVERTERS
EE301 : Electronic Circuits 1

Learning Outcomes

Upon completing this chapter, students should be able to:

Understand the methods of converting digital signals to
analogue signals (DAC).

Understand the methods of converting analog signals to
digital signals (ADC).

GO/SO
1. Understand the methods of converting digital
signals to analogue signals (DAC).
Describe the methods of converting digital
signals to analogue signals
Explain the applications of D/A converter.
Construct the circuits to convert digital signals
to analogue signals
Resistive divider circuit.
R-2R ladder circuit.

3
Introduction-Data acquisition
Data converters : the devices that perform the interfacing
function between analog and digital worlds are analog-to-
digital (A/D) and digital-to-analog (D/A) converters
interface between the real world of physical
parameters, which are analog, and the artificial world
of digital computation and control.

Data acquisition
EE301 : Electronic Circuits
Data distribution
EE301 : Electronic Circuits
6

Introduction CONVERTERS

1. Digital-to Analog Converters (DACs)
2. Analog-to-Digital Converters (ADCs)

Overview
Definitions:
Analog voltages Voltage that may vary continuously
throughout some range.
Digital Voltages Has only 2 useful values;
that is high and low.
An analog-to-digital converter (ADC or A/D converter) converts an analog
value to digital equivalent in a process called digitizing.

An Digital-to-Analog converter (DAC or D/A converter) function is to convert
this digital values (in binary) back to analog values.
Digital to Analog Converters (DAC)
What is a digital to analog converter
(DAC)?
Converts digital input signal to an analog
output signal
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
0
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
1
DAC
1011 1001 1010 0111 1000 0110 0101 0100 0011 0010 0001 0000
Digital to Analog Converters (DAC)
A
n
a
l
o
g

O
u
t
p
u
t

S
i
g
n
a
l

Digital Input Signal
What a DAC Looks Like:
Digital to Analog Converters - Common
Applications
Generic use
Circuit Components
Digital Audio
Function Generators/Oscilloscopes
Motor Controllers

DACs Common Applications
-Generic
Used when a continuous analog signal is required.
Signal from DAC can be smoothed by a Low pass
filter
0 bit
n
th
bit
n bit DAC
011010010101010100101
101010101011111100101
000010101010111110011
010101010101010101010
111010101011110011000
100101010101010001111
Digital Input
Filter
Piece-wise
Continuous Output
Analog
Continuous Output
-Circuit Components
Voltage controlled Amplifier
digital input, External Reference Voltage as control

Digitally operated attenuator
External Reference Voltage as input, digital control

Programmable Filters
Digitally controlled cutoff frequencies
-Digital Audio
CD Players
MP3 Players
Digital Telephone/Answering Machines
1
2
3
1. http://www.electrorent.com/products/search/General_Purpose_Oscilloscopes.html
2. http://www.bkprecision.com/power_supplies_supply_generators.htm
3. http://www.toshiba.com/taistsd/pages/prd_dtc_digphones.html
- Function Generators
Digital Oscilloscopes
Digital Input
Analog Ouput
Signal Generators
Sine wave generation
Square wave generation
Triangle wave generation
Random noise generation

1
1. http://www.electrorent.com/products/search/General_Purpose_Oscilloscopes.html
2
2. http://www.bkprecision.com/power_supplies_supply_generators.htm
-Motor Controllers
Cruise Control
Valve Control
Motor Control
1
1. http://auto.howstuffworks.com/cruise-control.htm
2
2. http://www.emersonprocess.com/fisher/products/fieldvue/dvc/
3
3. http://www.thermionics.com/smc.htm
Types Of DACs
D/A conversion can be achieved using a
number of different methods such as:
The Weighted-Resistor DAC
The Ladder Network (The R-2R
Ladder DAC)
Comprised of switches, op-amps, and
resistors

Binary Weighted Resistor DAC
Advantage:
Easy principle (low bit DACs)
Disadvantages:
Requirement of several
different precise input resistor
values: one unique value per
binary input bit. (High bit DACs)
Larger resistors ~ more error.
Precise large resistors
expensive.
High number of bits lead to
current changes in the
magnitude of noise amplitudes.

Four-Bit Binary Weighted Resistor DAC
This approach is not satisfactory for a large number of bits because it
requires too much precision in the summing resistors. This problem
is overcome in the R-2R network DAC.
Switches as Binary Representation
R
f
= R
i
I
Most
Significant
Bit, MSB
Least
Significant Bit,
LSB
-V
REF

V
o

R 2R 4R 8R
Switches as Binary Representation
-V
REF

Least
Significant Bit
Most
Significant Bit
CLEARED SET
( 1 1 1 1 )
2
= ( 15 )
10
Binary Weighted Resistor
R
f
= R
8R 4R 2R R
V
o

-V
REF

i
I
LSB
MSB
Weighted
Resistors based
on bit
Reduces current by
a factor of 2 for
each bit
Binary Representation
Choose a common
ratio R
R1 = 2
0
R = R
R2 = 2
1
R = 2R
R3 = 2
2
R = 4R
R4 = 2
3
R = 8R
Remember:
- MSB line has smallest
resistor = R
- LSB line has largest
resistor = 2
n-1
R
|
.
|
\
|
+ + + =
R
B
R
B
R
B
R
B
V I
REF
8 4 2
0 1 2 3
|
.
|
\
|
+ + + = =
8 4 2
0 1 2
3
B B B
B V R I V
REF f OUT
Result:

B
i
= Value of Bit i

Resolution / Value Digital
2
1
=
=

REF
i n
i
REF OUT
V
B
V V
More Generally:

B
i
= Value of Bit i
n = Number of Bits

Examples /Exercise:
1. Draw the diagram of an 8-bit weighted resistor
DAC. Given: Resistor in 2 bit line = 20k
Reference voltage = -10 volt
8 bit parallel binary input Xp = 10101101
Calculate :
1. Common ratio R of the network
2. Value of each of the resistors in the network
3. Feedback resistor of the OP AMP, R
f
4. Load Current, I
L

5. Analog output Voltage, Vo

SOLUTION : DISCUSSION WITH LECTURER
R-2R Ladder DAC
R-2R Ladder DAC
Only two resistor values- R and 2R
Does not need the kind of precision as Binary
weighted DACs
Easy to manufacture
More popular
Less errors

R-2R Ladder DAC
R-2R Ladder DAC
The most popular method incorporates a
ladder network containing series-parallel
combination of resistors, in R and 2R
values.

R-2R Ladder DAC
Example circuit with 0110 input
Vref
2
2 D 2 D 2 D 2 D
Vo
4
3
3
2
2
1
1
0
0
+ + +
=
R-2R Ladder DAC
V
REF
MSB
LSB
R-2R Ladder DAC
Same input switch setup as Binary Weighted Resistor
DAC
All bits pass through resistance of 2R

V
REF
MSB
LSB
R-2R Ladder DAC
The less significant the bit, the more resistors the signal
must pass through before reaching the op-amp
The current is divided by a factor of 2 at each node
LSB
MSB
R-2R Ladder DAC
(
+ + + =
2 4 8 16
3 2 1 0
D D D D
v
R
R
v
ref
f
out
The summing amplifier with the R-2R ladder of
resistances shown produces the output

where the D's take the value 0 or 1.
The digital inputs could be TTL voltages which close
the switches on a logical 1 and leave it grounded for
a logical 0.
This is illustrated for 4 bits, but can be extended to
any number with just the resistance values R and 2R.
DAC -Performance Specifications
-Resolution
Resolution: is the amount of variance in output
voltage for every change of the LSB in the digital
input.

Accuracy is a comparison of the actual output of a
DAC with the expected output. It is expressed as a
percentage of a full-scale, or maximum, output
voltage. For Example: if a converter has a full scale
output of 10V and the accuracy is 0.1%, than the
max error for any output voltage is (10V)(0.001) =
10mV.

N
LSB
V
V
2
Resolution
Ref
= =
N = Number of bits
Voltage resolution:

n
2
Vref
Voltage step example : for 10 bit
resolution. So n=10
if V
ref
= 10V
voltage step : 10V/1024 = 10mV
DAC -Resolution
DACs Performance Specifications - Resolution
Better Resolution(3 bit)
Poor Resolution(1 bit)
Vout
Desired Analog
signal
Approximate
output
2

V
o
l
t
.

L
e
v
e
l
s

Digital Input
0
0
1
Digital Input
Vout
Desired Analog
signal
Approximate
output
8

V
o
l
t
.

L
e
v
e
l
s

000
001
010
011
100
101
110
111
110
101
100
011
010
001
000
Comparison Between
Weighted Resistor and R-2R
Weighted resistor
If all bits = 1, branch current
are weighted sum of branch
current = I
L

It uses n resistor
Number of different resistor
values = n from R to 2
n-1
R
More difficult to match
resistor values
Not convinient to make in IC
form
Feedback resistor of
OpAmp = 0.5R

R-2R
If all bit=1, branch currents
are equal. Each contributes
different fraction to I
L
It uses 2
n+1 resistors
No different resistor values =
2, i,e R & 2R
Easier to match
Convenient to make in IC
form
Feedback resistor of OpAmp
= 3R

Exercise & Example
5.2 Given an 8-bit resistor 2-2R
ladder DAC with reference
voltage VR = 10V. Shunt Arm
Resistor = 10K and Binary input
Xp/Bin = 11001010.

Calculate :
a) Load Current, IL
b) Analog output voltage, Vo

SOLUTION : DISCUSSION WITH
LECTURER
5.3 Draw the circuit of
R -2R DAC as
mentioned in question 5.2
Analog to Digital Converters
ADC, A/D or A to D : an electronic integrated circuit
(i/c) that converts continuous signals to discrete
digital numbers.
ADC is an electronic device that converts an input
analog voltage ( or current ) to a digital number.
The digital output may be using different coding
schemes, such as binary and two's complement
binary
OVERVIEW Analog Signals
Analog signals directly measurable quantities in
terms of some other quantity
Examples:
Thermometer mercury height rises as temperature
rises
Car Speedometer Needle moves farther right as
you accelerate
Stereo Volume increases as you turn the knob.
OVERVIEW Digital Signals
Digital Signals have only two states. For digital
computers, we refer to binary states, 0 and 1. 1
can be on, 0 can be off.
Examples:
Light switch can be either on or off
Door to a room is either open or closed

Examples of A/D Applications
Microphones - take your voice varying pressure waves in the air and
convert them into varying electrical signals
Strain Gages - determines the amount of strain (change in
dimensions) when a stress is applied
Thermocouple temperature measuring device converts thermal
energy to electric energy
Voltmeters
Digital Multimeters
Types of ADC
Digital Ramp ADC
Successive Approximation ADC

E2002 : Electronic System 2 45
Just what does an A/D converter DO?
Converts analog signals into binary
words

1. Digital Ramp ADC
Digital ramp ADC
Output : conversion from analog to digital form inherently
involves comparator action where the value of the
analog voltage at some point in time is compared with
some standard.
Apply the analog voltage to one terminal of a comparator
and trigger a binary counter which drives a DAC. The
output of the DAC is applied to the other terminal of the
comparator.
Since the output of the DAC is increasing with the
counter, it will trigger the comparator at some point when
its voltage exceeds the analog input.
The transition of the comparator stops the binary counter,
which at that point holds the digital value corresponding
to the analog voltage.
Operation - Digital ramp ADC
Uses a DAC a binary counter to generate the digital value of an
analog input.
Initially, the counter is set to 0 (RESET). Vsx = 0volt. Since Vs >
Vsx, the comparator output is HIGH. The counter advances and
the DAC output, Vsx increases one step at a time.
This continues until Vs < Vsx. The comparator will go low and
the counter stops counting and the contents of the counter are
the digital representation of Vs.
The control logic loads the binary count into the latches and
resets the counter, thus beginning another count sequence to
sample the input value. For an 8-bit conversion this means a
maximum of 256 counter states. Notice that for each sample,
the counter must count from zero up to the point at the stair-
step reference voltage reaches the analog input voltage.
2. Successive Approximation ADC
Successive Approximation ADC
The successive
approximation ADC
is much faster
than the digital
ramp ADC
because it uses
digital logic to
converge on the
value closest to
the input
voltage. A
comparator and a
DAC are used in
the process.
Practical considerations of ADC circuits

E2002 : Electronic System 2 52
Example /Exercise
5.4 An eight-bit ADC has resolution of 20mV.
What will its digital output be for an analog
input of 2.17 Volt?

Solution :
DISCUSSION WITH LECTURER

END OF THIS TOPIC

Analog To Digital Converter

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Chapter 6: AD/DA CONVERTERS

EE301 : Electronic Circuits 1

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