CHAPTER 11 BIODIVERSITY

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PREVIOUS LECTURE

11.6.3 PHYLUM PLATYHELMINTHES

OBJECTIVES
Describe the unique characteristics of Platyhelminthes State the classification of Platyhelminthes into 4 classes:
Class Cestoda (Taenia) Class Trematoda (Fasciola) Class Turbellaria (Planaria) Class Monogenea (Dactylogyrus)

Platyhelminth --- flat worm Bilaterally symmetrical Unsegmented Acoelomate Triploblastic

Unique Characteristics of Platyhelminthes

Shows cephalization

Development of head region.

No specialized circulatory or respiratory structure

Gas exchange occur by diffusion

Incomplete digestive system

Has mouth but no anus

Excretory system

Protonephridia 2 lateral canals with branches bearing flame cells

Incomplete digestive system

No anus

No circulatory system

Gaseous exchange occurs throughout the body

Nervous system

 Parasitic
Except Class Turbellaria

CLASSIFICATION

Class Cestoda eg: Taenia

Class Turbellaria eg: Planaria

Class Monogenea eg: Dactylogyrus

Class Trematoda eg: Fasciola

Genital opening

Flattened body Excretory pore

mouth

Ventral sucker

11.6.4 PHYLUM NEMATODA

eg : Roundworm (Ascaris lumbricoides)

OBJECTIVES
Describe the unique characteristics of Nematoda

Unique Characteristics of Phylum Nematoda

Unsegmented Bilaterally symmetry

Tripoblastic
Pseudocoelomate

Elongated, round worms

with a tapered tail & blunt head

 Most are free living

found in fresh water, marine, moist soil, tissues

Some are parasitic

Endoparasite found in guts of humans, pig and tissues of plant

 Unisexual
separate sexes in most species female is much bigger & longer than male

 Complete alimentary canal

with separate mouth & anus

No circulatory & respiratory systems

 Excretory system
has an anus a series of excretory tubes that end in an excretory pore

Have hydrostatic skeleton

move by contracting muscles on alternating sides of the body

 Body is covered with smooth cuticle (thick flexible cuticle) - provides protection - reduces H2O loss - withstand hydrostatic pressure of pseudocoelom

11.6.5 PHYLUM ANNELIDA

OBJECTIVES
Describe the unique characteristics of Annelida State the classification of Annelida into three classes:
Class Oligochaeta (earthworm: Pheretima) Class Polychaeta (rag worm: Nereis) Class Hirudinea (leech : Hirudo)

Unique Characteristics of Phylum Annelida

Free-living, terrestrial or aquatic form
Bilaterally symmetry Tripoblastic Coelomates

Chitinous setae
each segment has setae to assist movement

Closed blood circulation system

Metameric segmentation
Division of body into a number of segments each contains same organs (muscles, blood vessels, nerves)

Nervous & sensory system are present

Excretory system - consists of a pair of nephridium for each segment

Complete digestive system: mouth, long tube & anus digestive tract with anterior mouth & posterior anus one-way digestive tract

Unique Characteristics of Phylum Annelida

Unsegmented
Bilaterally symmetry Tripoblastic Pseudocoelomates

Muscular body wall

(two layers of muscles) - circular muscle (outer)

Body wall

- longitudinal muscles (inner)

Epithelium Circular muscle Longitudinal muscle

Classification
Class Oligochaeta (earthworm: Pheretima) Class Polychaeta (rag worm: Nereis) Class Hirudinea (leech : Hirudo)

Roles of Annelida Soil aeration

Burrowing activity

Permits greater penetration of air into the soil Improves the drainage capacity of the soil
Suitable for growing crop

Medical use Leeches used to suck blood out of patients Release anti-coagulant (heparin) to prevent blood clotting

11.6.6 PHYLUM ARTHROPODA

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