THE GALAXY:

TO INFINITY
AND BEYOND
 Table of contents
v The Birth Of The Universe As Said By The Big-Bang Theory
4-6
v Introduction To Galaxies
7
The Galaxy Itself
8
Renowned Galaxies
9 - 14
v The Study On Galaxies
15 – 18
v Its General Properties
19 – 21
v Types of Galaxies
22 - 23
Spiral Galaxies
24 – 25
Elliptical Galaxies
26 – 27
v A Closer Look On Space Explorations
28
The brightest star on a cloudless night
Some kind of miracle, almost empty sky...
Just as the bite of the blade wakes the absent
mind
There's time to dream and there's time to open
your eyes.
 THE BIRTH OF THE
UNIVERSE AS SAID BY
THE big-bang theory
 According to the big-bang theory, at the
beginning of time, all of the matter and energy in
the universe was concentrated in a very dense
state, from which it "exploded," with the resulting
primordial fireball being stretched to long
wavelengths by the expansion of the universe. This
"big bang" is dated between 10 and 20 billion years
ago. In this initial state, the universe was very hot
and contained a thermal soup of quarks, electrons,
photons, and other elementary particles. The
temperature rapidly decreased. As the universe
cooled, the quarks condensed into protons and
neutrons, the building blocks of atomic nuclei. Some
of these were converted into helium nuclei by
fusion; the relative abundance of hydrogen and
helium is used as a test of the theory. After many
millions of years the expanding universe, at first a
very hot gas, thinned and cooled enough to
 According to the Big Bang model, the universe
expanded from an extremely dense and hot state and
continues to expand today. A common and useful analogy
(seen above) explains that space itself is expanding,
carrying galaxies with it, like raisins in a rising loaf of
If people sat outside
and looked at the stars
every night,
I'll bet they'd live a lot
differently.
INTRODUCTION TO
GALAXIES
 The galaxy itself
A galaxy, a large aggregation of stars, gas, and dust, is
typically a group of billions of stars held close together by
gravity. The name is from the Greek root “galaxias”,
meaning "milky," a reference to the Milky Way galaxy.
Typical galaxies range from dwarfs with as few as ten
million stars up to giants with one trillion stars, all orbiting a
common center of mass. Galaxies can also contain many
multiple star systems, star clusters, and various interstellar
clouds.

The universe may have as many as 100 billion

galaxies! The one we live in is called the Milky Way. Our sun
and planets are only a small part of it. Scientists think there
are as many as 2oo billion stars in the Milky Way!
renowned galaxies
ALSO THE COMET GALAXY
If the stars should appear but one night every
thousand years
how man would marvel and stare.
-Ralph Waldo Emerson
THE STUDY ON
GALAXIES
 The sun and its solar system, as well as the
visible stars, are all in the Milky Way galaxy.
Harlow Shapley encouraged the exclusive use of the
term "galaxies."

Billions of galaxies are within the optical range of

the largest telescopes; in 1996 analysis of
photographs taken from the Hubble Space Telescope
increased the estimated number of galaxies from 10
billion to 50 billion.

A galaxy is held together by the gravitational

attraction between its constituent parts, while its
rotational motion prevents it from collapsing on itself.
Just as gravitation binds individual stars into galaxies,
it also acts to hold clusters of galaxies together.
 Many large galaxies have smaller galaxies, called
satellite galaxies, in close proximity.

Although estimates of the age of the universe are

controversial, if it is taken as 15 billion years, then it
is estimated that the first galaxies were formed 12.8
—13.5 billion years ago.
I would not creep along the
coast
but steer out in mid-sea,
by guidance of the stars.
- George Eliot
Types of galaxies
SPIRAL GALAXIES
A typical spiral galaxy is
shaped like a flat disk,
about 100,000 light-years in
diameter, with a central bulge,
or nucleus, containing old
stars; winding through the
disk are the characteristic
spiral arms of dust, gas, and
young stars.

This type of galaxy is further classified as being either a

normal or a barred spiral.
 In the normal spiral, the arms, at least two in number,
join smoothly with the nucleus; in the barred spiral, the
arms project from a bank of stars that runs through the
nucleus.
Our own galaxy is a large disk-shaped barred-spiral. It
contains about two hundred billion stars and has a total
mass of about six hundred billion times the mass of the
Sun.
Elliptical galaxies
The elliptical galaxies, lacking
spiral arms entirely and
containing little or no gas and
dust, resemble the nuclei of
spiral galaxies. Their shapes
vary from nearly spherical to
highly flattened ellipsoids. It
nearly has a featureless
brightness profile.

Elliptical galaxies have a much

greater variation in size, mass, and luminosity than do spiral
galaxies.
 Their sizes range from the largest known galaxies of all,
the Andromeda Galaxy, to the small dwarf elliptical
galaxies, which can contain as few as a million stars.
Spiral galaxies contain a larger number of bluer,
younger stars, while elliptical galaxies contain a larger
number of redder, older stars.
Irregular GALAXIES
An irregular galaxy is a galaxy
that does not fall into any of
the regular classes of the
Hubble sequence. These are
galaxies that feature neither
spiral nor elliptical morpho-
logy. They are often chaotic in
appearance, with neither a
nuclear bulge nor any trace of
spiral arm structure.
Like falling stars from the universe we
are hurled
Down through the long loneliness of
the world
Until we behold the pain,
become the pearl.
A closer look on space
explorations
 Space explorations
Space exploration, the science and engineering of
spacecraft and space probes used for investigation of
physical conditions in space and in celestial bodies (such as
stars, and planets and their moons).

Did you know that the dream of exploring the space

origins back to a thousand of years before Christ’s birth
when people desire to fly?
Postage stamp commemorating
Apollo 11. Armstrong is not
honored "by portrayal" in
accordance with U.S. Postal
Service criteria pertaining to
postage stamps not honoring
living people.
 The history of its Early
Developments and discoveries

People dreamed of spaceflight for millennia before it

became reality. Evidence of the dream exists in myth and
fiction as far back as Babylonian texts of 4000 BC.
The dream of flight into space continued unabated into
the 20th century. Fantasies of spaceflight continue to be
nourished by science fiction.
It is only during World War II that provided the impetus
and motivation for the development of long-range
suborbital rockets. The U.S., the Soviet Union, Great Britain,
and Germany simultaneously developed rockets for military
purposes.
MARS
 ITS PROS AND CONS
Common rationales for exploring space include
advancing scientific research, uniting different nations,
ensuring the future survival of humanity and developing
military or strategic advantages against other countries.
Stephen Hawking, renowned British theoretical
physicist, said that "I don't think the human race will
survive the next thousand years, unless we spread into
space. There are too many accidents that can befall life on
a single planet. But I'm an optimist. We will reach out to the
stars.”
But critics, such as the late physicist and Nobel prize
winner Richard Feynman have contended that human space
travel (as opposed to space exploration in general, such as
robotic/unmanned missions) has never achieved any major
scientific breakthroughs.
Shoot for the moon.
Even if you miss,
you'll land among the
stars.
-Attributed to a Les
 No longer does the "world revolve around you," we are
told as we move from childhood to adulthood. We are but
mere motes on a speck of dust revolving around an ordinary
star 27,000 light years from the centre of our own galaxy.
From our vantage point we can examine the vastness of
the Cosmos and wonder if there are others "out there."
Perhaps one day the people of this planet will come to the
realization that despite our petty differences, our vanities,
our diverse hopes and dreams, we all share the fact that we
are fundamentally human beings, the conscious life of this
shared planet.
And maybe we will be awed by the idea that we are also
connected to the Cosmos, for the laws of physics apply
equally here on this planet as it does in a different part of
the universe.

http://www.utata.org/project/uppp/
Research done by:
Karen See
Gio Andre
Madduma
John Allan Yayen
Andrialene
Anticuando
Angela Gapuz
Reynold Zuniga
Of HS 1- St. Agnes
 REFERENCES
vhttp://kids.yahoo.com/reference/encyclopedia/entry?id=galaxy
vhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaxy
vhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_galaxies#List_of_named_galaxies
vhttp://www.spacequotations.com/stars.html
vhttp://www.worldalmanacforkids.com/WAKI-ViewArticle.aspx?pin=wwwwak-
246&article_id=557&chapter_id=12&chapter_title=Science&article_title=Spac
e_Exploration
vhttp://www.flickr.com/photos/pchee/830995576/
vhttp://www.flickr.com/photos/lumase/3085585278/
vhttp://kids.yahoo.com/reference/encyclopedia/entry?id=cosmolog
vhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big-bang_theory
vhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_armstrong
vhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_exploration
vKid’s World Almanac 2008