Project on

SIMULATION OF SMA BEHAVIOUR IN FEA

SOFTWARE FOR TRAILING EDGE CONTROL SURFACE
ACTUATION
Mr. D. Dwarakanathan
Scientist, Dynamics and Adaptive Structures
Group
Structural Technology division

By
Bharath Shekar H. R.
Reg. No 100922011
M.I.T Manipal

Under the guidance of
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Dr. S. Raja
Senior Principal Scientist & Group Head
Dynamics and Adaptive Structures Group
Structural Technology division
Dr. N. Yagnesh Sharma
Professor, Dept. of Mech & Mfg Engg
MIT, Manipal
Carried out at National Aerospace Laboratories, Bangalore
CONTENTS
Introduction
Literature review
Problem definition and objective
Methodology
Finite element implementation
MATLAB simulation
Implementation to 1D truss structure
Implementation to Flap actuation
Results and discussions
Conclusion
Scope for future work
References

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SHAPE MEMORY ALLOY
A Swedish physicist Arne Olander discovered the
Shape Memory Effect (SME) in goldcadmium
(AuCd) alloy in 1932.
Shape Memory Alloy (SMA) wires are attractive
materials for use in adaptive structures because of
their superelastic and actuation capabilities.
Shape memory alloys can be trained to remember
their shape and size in both martensite and
austenite phases.
Shape memory alloys have wide engineering and
biomedical application
Shape Memory Alloys (SMAs) are a class of metal
alloys that can recover apparent permanent
strains when they are heated above a certain
temperature

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BASIC WORKING PRINCIPLE
SMAs have two stable phases - the
high-temperature phase, called
austenite and the low-temperature
phase, called martensite.
the martensite can be in one of two
forms: twinned and detwinned, as
shown in Figure (b),(c).
A phase transformation which occurs
between these two phases upon
heating/cooling is the basis for the
unique properties of the SMAs.
Two different types of behaviour
The shape memory effect is a property by which very large mechanical strains can be
recovered by heating the material above a critical temperature. This strain recovery
property produces large contractions in the shape memory materials and enables their
use as thermo-mechanical actuators.
The pseudoelastic effect, is a property by which the material exhibits a very large strain
upon loading that is recovered fully when the material is unloaded.

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Shape memory effect Pseudoelastic effect
LITERATURE REVIEW
Tanaka [1] developed a constitutive law by assuming that the strain, temperature
and the martensite volume fraction are the only state variables, and developed the
equations for the martensite volume fraction in terms of stress and temperature.
Tanaka modeled the martensite volume fraction as an exponential function.

Liang and Roger [2] used the same constitutive relationship that Tanaka has used.
But the main difference arises in the development of the martensite volume
fraction. In this the martensite volume fraction is modeled using cosine function.

Brinson [3] presented an internal variable approach to derive the constitutive law
for shape memory alloys. Included the phase transformation effects by introducing
two separate variables for martensite fraction. Also conducted the experimental
tests to validate the theoretical results. The phase transformation equations were
derived on the basis of these tests.
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LITERATURE REVIEW
Turner et.al [10] implemented the SMA hybrid composite structures in the
commercial finite element codes MSC.Nastran and ABAQUS. The effective
coefficient of thermal expansion (ECTE) model has been used. The mechanical
properties were determined first by using the ECTE model and then given as input
in tabular form to the FEM tools.

P.D Mangalgiri [12] has implemented the Buravalla and Khandelwal model into the
UMAT for ABAQUS. In the work the author has established an algorithm to
generate user material code.
Summary of literature review:
The shape memory alloys can produce 8% of strain in martensite phase and it can
be recovered upon heating above the austenite finish temperature. SMAs have
high power to weight ratio. Hence this can be applied in aerospace domain. Many
researchers have developed various constitutive material models. But still now
none of the commercial tools have released a module which can completely
capture the behaviour of shape memory alloy. Shape memory alloys can be used
in various domains like biomedical, aerospace, automobile, aerospace etc

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OBJECTIVE
Primary Objective:
Development of FORTRAN codes for the SMA truss element using a constitutive
model developed by L.C Brinson [2]
Analysis using ABAQUS
Secondary Objective:
Conceptual design of mechanism for the deployment of flap, which converts the
linear motion in to rotational motion and it has to be placed in the main structure.
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PROBLEM DEFINITION
To simulate the SMA behaviour in FEA software for trailing edge control surface
actuation
MOTIVATION
The time and cost required to build and test SMA structures can be very large, but
finite element software has the ability to simulate and analyze structures without
being very expensive and time consuming, which makes them valuable tools in the
design process. Unfortunately, commercially available FEA software does not
currently include built-in models that accurately simulate both the pseudoelastic and
actuation behavior of SMA materials.
METHODOLOGY
Modeling of wing structure
Selection of suitable Constitutive model
Matlab coding to plot the behaviour
Implementation of constitutive model for Abaqus user subroutine using Fortran
programming.
Implementation for a 1D truss element
Selection of suitable mechanism for flap actuation
Implementation of SMA wire for flap actuation

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WING MODEL
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Wing span = 800mm
Chord length = 600mm
BRINSON CONSTITUTIVE MODEL
The constitutive equation can then be written as

The Youngs modulus D and the phase transformation coefficient are the functions
of the total Martensitic volume fraction expressed as


where =stress induced
=Phase Transformation co.eff =Thermal expansion co.eff
=Stress induced Martensitic = Total strain
volume fraction = Max. allowable strain
=Temperature induced , , , are the intial conditions
Martensitic volume fraction
=Total martensitic vol.fraction



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0 0 0 0 0 0
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
S S
D D T T o o c c u = +O O +
( ) ( )
M A M
D D D D = +
( ) ( )
L
D c O =
o
0
o
( ) O
S

S T
= +
T

c
0
c
0

0
( ) O
u
L
c
For Conversion to Detwinned Martensite
If T>Ms and < <


If T<Ms and



For Conversion to Austenite
If T>As and


Calculation of Martensitic volume fraction:
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o
( )
cr
f M s
C T M o + ( )
cr
s M s
C T M o +
0 0
1 1
cos{ [ ( )]}
2 2
cr
S S
S f M s
cr cr
s f
C T M
t
o o
o o
+
= +

0
0 0
0
( )
1
T
T T M M
M

cr cr
s f
o o o < <
( ) ( )
A f A s
C T A C T A o < <
0
{cos[ ( )] 1}
2
A s
A
a T A
C
o
= +
0
0 0
0
( )
S
S S

=
0
0 0
0
( )
T
T T

=
ASSUMPTIONS
The transformation temperatures are in the following order M
f
<M
s
<A
s
<A
f
.
At any temperature T such that M
s
<T<A
s
, there is no phase change.
At any temperature T such that M
f
<T<A
f
, both Martensite and Austenite coexist.
The internal variables such as the internal stress and initial phase condition are
considered when setting up a relation between transformation temperature and
applied stress.

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References
Tanaka, K. A Thermomechanical Sketch of shape memory effect one dimensional tensile behaviour, Res Mechanica,
Elsevier publishers, vol.2, issue.3,1986, pp59-72.
Liang, C. One-dimensional Thermomechanical Constitutive Relations for shape memory materials, Ph.d thesis, 1990,
Virginia Tech.
L.C. Brinson, one-dimensional constitutive behaviour of shape memory alloys: Thermomechanical derivation with non-
constant material functions and redefined martensite internal variable, Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and
Structures, vol.4, April-1993, pp 229-241.
Boyd, J.D, Lagoudas, D.C, A thermodynamical constitutive model for shape memory materials. Part I. The monolithic shape
memory alloy, International Journal of Plasticity, vol.12, issue.6, 1996, pp 805-842
Boyd, J.D, Lagoudas, D.C, A thermodynamical constitutive model for shape memory materials. Part II. The SMA composite
material, International Journal of Plasticity, vol.12, issue.7,1996,pp 843-873
Michael, J.M, Constantinos Mavroidis, Charles Pfeiffer, Design and dynamics of shape memory alloy wire bundle actuator,
Proceedings of the ANS, 8
th
Topical meeting on Robotics and Remote Systems, 1999
Dimitris C. Lagoudas, Zhonghe Bo & Muhammad A. Qidwai

A unified thermodynamic constitutive model for sma and finite
element analysis of active metal matrix composites, Mechanics of composite materials and structures, Taylor & Francis
group,vol.2, issue.2, 1996, pp 153-179
Jardine, AP, Bartley-Cho,JD, Flanagan,JS, Improved design and performance of the SMA torque tube for the DARPA smart
wing program proceedings SPIE 3674,270, Newport Beach, CA, USA, Tuesday 02 March 1999
Benoit Berton, Shape memory application: Trailing edge shape control, Multifunctional structures/Integration of sensors
and antennas, proceedings RTO-MP-AVT-141, France, 2006, pp 13.1-13.16
Travis L. Turner, Hemant D. Patel, Analysis of SMA hybrid composite structures using commercial codes, smart structures
and materials: Model, Signal Processing, and Control, Proceedings of SPIE vol.5383, paper no. 12, San Diego, CA, 14-18
March 2004
Casper van der Eijk, Jim Stian Olsen, Zhiliang Zang, Applications of NiTi shape memory alloy dampers in civil structures,
proceedings of the First International Conference on Self Healing Materials, Springer publications, Noordwijk aan Zee, the
Netherlands, 18-20 April
P.D Mangalgiri, A.G Thakare, B.Dattaguru, Use of SMA constitutive model in finite element analysis of wire-based
actuators,IUTAM Symposium on Multi-Functional Material Structures and Systems, IUTAM Book series 19, 2010
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