BY B.RAMANAND (08331A0414) CH.SWAROOP (08331A0431) CH. DILLESWARA RAO (08331A0430) Under the guidance of Sri K.SATYANARAYANA RAJU M.

Tech Assistant professor E.SANTOSH (08331A0438)

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INTRODUCTION CIRCUIT DIAGRAM INPUT SECTION POWER SUPPLY SECTION COMPARATOR SECTION COUNTING SECTION RELAY SECTION ADVANTAGES POSSIBLE MODIFICATIONS CONCLUSIONS REFERENCES

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Many a time we forget to switch off appliances like lights, fans and air-conditioners before leaving our house. This leads to considerable wastage of electricity apart from reducing the life of the appliance. A circuit is presented here which senses the absence of occupants in a room and automatically shuts off the power to a particular appliance, say, a tube light or fan. It turns on the appliance again when someone enters the room

It has 2 major components which describes the input section 1) laser diodes 2) LDRs (light dependent resistors)

laser diode, also known as an injection laser or diode laser. It is a semiconductor device that produces coherent radiation (in which the waves are all at the same frequency and phase) in the visible or infrared (IR) spectrum when current passes through it.

A photoresistor or light dependent resistor (LDR) is a resistor whose resistance decreases with increasing incident light intensity. It can also be referred to as a photoconductor or CdS device, from "cadmium sulfide," which is the material from which the device is made and that actually exhibits the variation in resistance with light level.

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It has 3 major components which describes this section Step down transformer Rectification and filtering regulation

A transformer is a device that transfers electrical energy from one circuit to another through inductively coupled conductorsthe transformer's coils. A varying current in the first or primary winding creates a varying magnetic flux in the transformer's core and thus a varying magnetic field through the secondary winding. This varying magnetic field induces a varying EMF , or "voltage", in the secondary winding. This effect is called inductive coupling.

7809 is a voltage regulator integrated circuit(IC) which is widely used in electronic circuits.

BASIC COMPARATOR: An op-amp can be used as a comparator. It consists of 2 inputs, Vref and Vin When V1 < V2 , Vout = 0 and when V1> V2 , Vout=1 Here V1=Vin, V2=Vref

This section is HEART of the circuit which uses LM324 It delimits the losses occurred due to traditional circuits Person entering should be counted by counter1 and persons leaving the room should be counted by counter2 . This is controlled by this section

This section uses two CD 4017 counters . A reset switch to reset the counters Counters are followed by and gates for supplying the pulse to relay for automatic action

Operation of relay

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Operation : The high output of the AND gate makes the transistor T1 conduct via resistor R16, hence the relay de-energises. Otherwise transistor T2 conducts getting base current via resistor R18 and relay energises to switch on the appliance

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Inexpensive Simple Rugged Doesnt require programming knowledge Can count the persons entering and leaving the room through a single door

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The circuit can be modified to indicate the number of persons entering and exiting the room. For the purpose, you need to connect LEDs between the ground and the outputs of decade counters through 1k resistors One limitation of the circuit is that it cannot count more than ten persons in succession. When the eleventh person enters the room the circuit resets. This problem can be overcome by cascading more decade counters

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For a conventional microcontroller based circuit if the microcontroller fails the complete software installation is required but in this circuit just replacement of the hardware is required. Considerable wastage of power can be reduced.

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ELECTRONICS FOR YOU february 2011 edition PRINCIPLES OF POWER SYSTEM by V.K.Mehta UNDERSTANDING OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER SPECIFICATION by JIM KARKI (e book) LASER DIODES by Denford road http://www.chipswinner.com/ends/LM324.pdf http://www.pira.cz/pdf/bc548.pdf