Ergogenic Aids & Performance

SPS211/FSRUiTM

Ergogenic Aids
Defined as work producing substances or phenomena believed to increased performance (Powers, S.K., & Howley E.T., 2007). EA include nutrients, drugs, warm up exercises, hypnosis, stress management, blood doping, O2 breathing, music & extrinsic biomechanical aids.

Ergolytic Substance
Any substance that able to impair performance
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Research Design Concerns on Ergogenic Aids

Amount dose Subjects trained, untrained Task power, endurance Use acute, long term

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Research Design Concerns

Confounding factors are controlled by
Placebo
Placebo is an inert / inactive substance (look-alike substance) usually provided in a manner identical to an active substance. typically to test for real effect versus imagined effect or to control for any subjective reaction to the substance being tested. Subjects nor the researcher knows who is receiving placebo or investigation substance Reduce bias - subject or researcher

Double blind RCT research design

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Proposed Ergogenic Aids

Category of Aid
Pharmacological

Proposed Aid
Alcohol Amphetamines Beta Blockers Caffeine Cocaine & Marijuana Diuretics Nicotine
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Proposed Ergogenic Aids

Category of Aid Proposed Aid
Hormones Anabolic Steroids Human Growth Hormone Oral Contraceptives

Physiological agents Blood doping Erythropoietin RBC Oxygen Warm up & temperature variation
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Proposed Ergogenic Aids

Category of Aid Proposed Aid
Physiological agents Aspartic acids salts Bicarbonate loading Phosphate loading
Nutritional agents & Carbs, Protein, Fats, substances vitamin & mineral, water & special beverages

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Proposed Ergogenic Aids

Category of Aid
Psychological phenomena

Proposed Aid
Hypnosis Covert rehearsal Stress management Clothing Equipment Environment structures & surfaces
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Mechanical factors

Aerobic Performance
Hyperbaric chamber Breathing of oxygen enriched mixtures Before or after exercise little or no effect on performance During exercise improves endurance performance Blood doping Reinfusion of RBC in order to increasing the [hemoglobin] and O2 carrying capacity of the blood Blood boosting, blood packing, induced erythrocythemia. Effective in improving VO2max & endurance performance Erythropoietin (EPO) The use of erythropoietin is to stimulate erythrocyte (RBC) production. The increased of RBC volume will increase the bloods oxygencarrying capacity thus increased VO2max and increased time to exhaustion. (Improve endurance performance)
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Anaerobic Performance
Blood buffers
Sodium bicarbonate improves performance one to ten minutes duration or repeated bouts of high intensity exercise

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Drugs
Amphetamines enhance speed, power, endurance, concentration & fine motor coordination. increased strength, acceleration, time to exhaustion, maximum HR and peak lactate responses during exhaustive exercise. elevate both HR & BP and can trigger cardiac arrhythmias. Excessive use of these drugs has been blame for some deaths, and the drugs can be both psychologically & physically addictive. Caffeine Improve performance at the muscle & CNS or in delivery of fuel for muscular work Elevate blood glucose & increase fat utilization Less pronounced in subjects who are daily users of caffeine

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Drugs
Clenbuterol Treat airway disease such as asthma 10-20% increase in muscle mass Potentially useful in treatment of conditions that result in muscle wasting (e.g., aging, spinal cord injury) No evidence increase in performance for athletes Beta blockers block transmissions of neural impulses from the SNS (block the betaadrenergic receptors, preventing binding of neurotransmitter and decreases the effects of SNS activity). slow the RHR (advantage for shooters - who try to release the arrow or squeeze the trigger between heartbeats to minimize the slight tremor associated with each beat. Increased accuracy in shooting sports). impair endurance performance, reducing VO2max in highly trained athletes because Q is reduced (SV cannot fully compensate for the reduced HR). SPS211/FSRUiTM

Drugs
Cocaine Powerful stimulator of CV & CNS Provides a sense of euphoria & feeling of increased mental & physical power Psychologically addictive & potentially deadly Nicotine Varied effects depending on whether PNS or SNS is stimulated Smoking: cancers, heart & lungs disease Smokeless tobacco (chewed, dipped): dental caries, gum disease & oral cancer

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Alcohol
used by athletes primarily for its psychological effects. improve self-confidence, calm the nerves, and increase mental alertness. a good carbohydrate source. means for reducing pain and muscle tremor. Its depressant effects on the CNS dull pain sensation, but pain indicates injury and physical activity while injured always carries a great risk of increasing the extent of injury. Alcohol suppresses the release of ADH, causing the body excretes more water in the urine and leads to dehydration. Impair performance, especially in the hot environments.

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Hormone: Anabolic Steroids

Androgenic-anabolic steroids Increase muscle mass, strength, power Endurance capacity, facilitate recovery not proven Risks personality changes, roid rage, testicular atrophy, reduced sperm count, breast enlargement in men, masculinization in women, liver damage & CHD

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Steroid Monster