Escolar Documentos
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AUTO-ID LABS
Objective
RFID Basics History
Current Status
Future
International Quality & Productivity Centre RFID Integration 2005
RFID Basics
AUTO-ID LABS
Tag reading
The black spot
Controller
Transmitter Label
Receiver
Reader Tx typically 1W, 6dB gain Antenna But propagation loss, resulting Rx at Tag typically W On tag, RF energy used for DC power and modulation More loss back to Reader Rx Therefore a very weak reply is obtained
International Quality & Productivity Centre RFID Integration 2005
AUTO-ID LABS
RFID Tags
Tags
Attached to objects or items Contains electronics (chip), and antenna Most are passive (no power source) Active tags have a battery
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Gen 2
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RFID Readers
Readers Contains electronics, Tx, Rx and control Connected to antenna(s)
mostly external
Energise tags (passive tags) Commands tags (wake up active tags, enables management of the tag population) Receive tag replies
International Quality & Productivity Centre RFID Integration 2005
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RFID Readers
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RFID Antenna(s)
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Host CPU
Application Do something with the tag information Potential to generate massive amounts of data Once installed it costs virtually NOTHING to read a tag! Real time data => real time decisions OHIO (Zero Human Involvement Operations)*
International Quality & Productivity Centre RFID Integration 2005
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History
RFID concept in WWII
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AUTO-ID LABS
University of Adelaide, University of New South Wales TABTEK, X-cyte (XCI) MircroDesign
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ISO
SC31 established in 1996
Automatic Identification and Data Capture Techniques RFID for Item Management 1st meeting 26-28 August 1998 Air Interface 1st meeting 12th Jan 1999 Ad-hoc meeting in September 2000 18000-6 WD by Dec 2001 18000-6 CD Sept 2002 FCD BRM Sept 2003 18000-6 Published 2004
SC31/WG4
SC31/WG4/SG3
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Key Events
Auto-ID Center, formation and EPC (2000) RFID Chair at University of Adelaide, April 2001 Adelaide Auto-ID Lab, established 2002 Gillette purchase (2003)
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Metamorphous
Auto-ID Center
Terminated 31/10/2003
Auto-ID Labs
MIT, Cambridge (UK), Adelaide,
Fudan (China), Keio (Japan), St Gallen/ETHZ (Switzerland) and in 2005 ICU (Korea)
EPCglobal
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2000+ Players
Matrics
Symbol
Alien
Impinj
Founded 2000 Auto-ID Center HAG 2003 C1G2 chip 8 Apr 2005 EPCglobal certified 14 Sep 2005 Partnered with Texas Instruments
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Why Now!
Recent improvements in tag and reader technology Better performance Easier deployment and maintenance Better use of existing infrastructure and technologies Improvements in tag and reader manufacturing Cheaper tags and readers Industry standardisation EPCglobal and ISO
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Bottom line is that this years global market for RFID including tags, systems and services is $1.94 billion but it will be driven by demand and new laws to $26.90 billion in 2015. Passive tags: 410 million (car clickers) Active tags: 1390 million (cards) access cards for the financial, security and safety markets automotive and passenger transport sector smaller markets in leisure, libraries, laundry and healthcare.
* As reported in IDTechEX 11 April 2005 International Quality & Productivity Centre RFID Integration 2005
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More Trends *
3.1 billion tags will be used for pallets and cases in 2006. By 2008
6.8 billion tags for Item level tagging (especially by pharmaceuticals) and tagging of baggage, animals, books, tickets and other non retail markets But 15.3 billion tags for pallets/cases
The market for RFID interrogators will reach $1.14 billion in 2008 for EPC interrogators and $0.75 billion in the same year for other interrogators, such as Near Field Communication interrogators. Forecasts by territorial region show that by 2010 48% of RFID tags by numbers will be sold in East Asia, followed by 32% to North America.
* As reported in IDTechEX 11 April 2005 International Quality & Productivity Centre RFID Integration 2005
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Current Status
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EPCglobal structure
GS1 EPCglobal Board of Governors GS1 US
President, EPCglobal
Staff
Auto-ID Labs
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Working Groups
Business Steering Committee (BSC)
Fast Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG) Healthcare and Life Sciences (HLS) Transport and Logistics (TLS) Hardware Action Group (HAG) Software Action Group (SAG)
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Reader Protocol Reader Management Filtering and Collection ONS Security Tag Data Translation EPCIS Phase 2 Tag Data Standards
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EPCIS EPCIS Accessing Accessing Application Application EPCIS Query Interface EPCIS EPCIS Repository Repository EPCIS Capture Interface
Firewall
Security
EPCIS Capturing EPCIS Capturing Application Application F&C Interface F&C Middleware F&C Middleware
Push Sharing
Systems Mgmt
Green boxes represent Specs. Blue boxes represent roles, not necessarily discrete components
Tag Tag
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Enterprise App EPCIS Palletizer (Operational App) ALE RFID Middleware Reader Protocol Reader Reader
International Quality & Productivity Centre RFID Integration 2005
at time T, the association of the following case tags to the following pallet tag was created at palletizer #3
between the time the case crossed the first beam and the second beam at location L, the following tag was read
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EPCIS Concepts
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Capture Application
Retailer Dist Ctr Store Dist Ctr
Manufacturer
Tagging Station
Palletizer
Dock Portal
Dock Portal
Rack
Dock Portal
Backroom Receipt
Impact Doorway
Operational Apps
Commission Observe Observe Aggregate Observe Shipment Observe Observe Receipt Putaway Observe Shipment Observe Disaggregate Observe Restock
EPCIS Events
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Gen 2
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Inlay Costs
Alien C1G1
US$0.129 Qty > 1m - 13 Sept 2005 * US$0.079 Qty > 1m - 20 Sept 2005 *
The final tag cost is therefore considerably more than that of the bare inlay, often by two or three times.
International Quality & Productivity Centre RFID Integration 2005
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Tag Costs
RSI ID Technologies
Finished, fully-validated, ready-to-use Gen2 RFID labels Under US$0.149, Qty > 1m 22 Sept 2005 *
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MPR-3014
EPCglobal Gen 2 certified 4 antenna port reader WITH 4 antennas US$1,000 each *.
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Reader Vendors
Alien Technology Applied Wireless Devices (2) Impinj Intermec Technologies (2) MaxID Group Symbol Technologies ThingMagic
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Impinj Inc.
Monza
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Pacific RFID Performance Solutions; Hsinchu, Taiwan Kimberly-Clark Corp. Auto-ID Sensing Technologies Performance Test Center; USA METRO Group AG/GS1 Germany RFID Test Center, Germany RFID Research Center, University of Arkansas, USA
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ST Microelectronics
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ISO Standards
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RF Regulations
Regulators Classify RFID as Industrial, Scientific and Medical use ISM bands 125-134 kHz (ISO 18000-2) 13.56 MHz or HF (ISO 18000-3) 433 MHz (ISO 18000-7) 860 to 960 MHz or UHF (ISO 18000-6) 2.45 GHz (ISO 18000-4) 5.8 GHz (no ISO standard)
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Reference architecture and definition of parameters to be standardized Application requirements profiles RFID Tag and Interrogator Performance Test Methods Test methods for air interface communications below 135 kHz Test methods for air interface communications at 13,56 MHz Test methods for air interface communications at 2.45 GHz Test methods for air interface communications at 860 to 960 MHz Test methods for air interface communications at 433 MHz Harmonised Vocabulary Elementary Tag Licence Plate functionality, for 18000-2 to 18000-7
ISO_IEC_TR_18001
ISO_IEC_18046
ISO_IEC_TR_18047-2
ISO_IEC_TR_18047-3
ISO_IEC_TR_18047-4
ISO_IEC_TR_18047-6
ISO_IEC_TR_18047-7
ISO_IEC_19762
ISO_IEC_24710
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EAN/UCC Application Identifiers and Fact Data Identifiers and Maintenance Data Carrier Identifiers (including Symbology Identifiers) Transfer syntax for high capacity ADC media
ISO_IEC_15424
ISO_IEC_15434
ISO_IEC_15459-Parts 1 & 2
ISO_IEC_15961
Data protocol: application interface Data protocol: data encoding rules and logical memory functions Unique identification for RF tags
International Quality & Productivity Centre RFID Integration 2005
ISO_IEC_15962
ISO_IEC_15963
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Regulatory
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CEPT countries
869.4 - 869.65 MHz : 500mW erp : DC<10% 865.6 - 867.6 MHz : 2W erp : LBT 869.4 - 869.65 MHz : 500mW erp 915.2 - 915.4 MHz : 8 W eirp
South Africa
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New Zealand
864 - 868 MHz : 4W EIRP Generally follow CEPT some exceptions below China 917 to 922 2W ERP Hong Kong 865-868 2W ERP & 920-925 4W EIRP Japan 952 - 954 MHz : 4W EIRP (licensed) Malaysia 919-923 MHz, 2W ERP Singapore 866-869 MHz 0.5W ERP & 923-925 2W ERP (licence) South-Korea 910 914 MHz Taiwan 922-928 1W ERP (indoor) 0.5W (outdoor)
International Quality & Productivity Centre RFID Integration 2005
Elsewhere in Asia
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Experimental Licence
The original licence for RFID
1W EIRP, 918 to 926 MHz Granted to GS1 Australia 12 July 2005 Operates from 920 to 926 MHz Only licence that will be granted
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GS1 Contact
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Future?
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Future
RFID deployed in supply chains Anything that is mobile is a candidate RFID used for item management
Retail, Pharmaceutical, Asset Management, Access, Airline Baggage, Credit Cards, Money, Food Traceability, Security, Authentication, etc.
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New Technologies
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New Technologies - 2
Smart Dust or eGrains (Smart Stones)
Tiny smart processors Wirelessly connected to each Invisible network, adhoc Sharing data Reporting sensor information
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Conclusions
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Conclusions
RFID is NOW
Gen 2 available, inlays less than 10 cents Many people working on those standards
> 1500 people within EPCglobal workgroups
Multi-vendor support for the standards Conformance documents being published/developed Many GS1 countries already have band allocations Australia well placed (2nd best in the world)
4W EIRP 12 by 500 kHz wide channels
Future RFID
Limited by Imagination
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Further Information
RFID Automation
University of Adelaide Web: www.rfidautomation.org Email : alf@rfidautomation.org Ph: (08) 8303 6473 Mob: 0402 037 968
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