CHEMICAL FOUNDATION S OF LIFE

METALIC BONDING-a group of nuclei surrounded by a sea of mobile electrons

*Non-

covalent bond this type of bond does not involve the sharing of pairs of electrons but rather involves more dispersed variations of electromagnetic interactions.

INTERMOLECULAR FORCES OF ATTRACTION

Ion-

dipole force is an attractive force of an ion with a polar molecule or neutral molecule. It is commonly found in solutions. Cation attracts the partially negative end of a neutral polar molecule and an anion attracts the partially positive end of a neutral polar molecule. Ex. Dissolving any ionic compound in water

Ion- dipole force

INTERMOLECULAR FORCES OF ATTRACTION

Dipole- dipole forces- is the interaction of neutral and polar covalent molecules where the positive end of one molecule is attracted to the negative end of another molecule. The greater the polarity the stronger the dipole- dipole attraction. This attraction is very weak and has a low melting and boiling point temperatures. Ex. HCl *polaritythe difference in electronegativity of the atoms in the molecule

Dipole- dipole forces

INTERMOLECULAR FORCES OF ATTRACTION

Induced-

dipole force- polar molecule interacting with a nonpolar molecule producing an electric field which can distort the electron cloud of a nearby molecule. *dipoleinduced dipole forceinteraction with a permanent dipole such as that with another polar molecule. It is responsible for the solubility of oxygen in water

Induced- dipole force

INTERMOLECULAR FORCES OF ATTRACTION

London

dispersion force- occurs between neutral and/or nonpolar molecules. All molecules have the capability to form this type of force which depends on the surface area of the molecule. These are the only types of forces that nonpolar molecules can form.

London dispersion force

London forces are increased by: Ability of an atom or molecule to form a dipole Size of the atom where it includes the number of electrons in the atom molecule *dispersion- is an intermolecular force between all molecules. These forces are the result of the movement of electrons which cause slight polar moments. Dispersion forces are generally weak. As the molecular weight increases, the strength of the force also increases.

London dispersion force

TYPE
Ionic chemical bonds

EXAMPLE
Bond between Na+ and Clin NaCl

Covalent chemical bonds C-Cl bond in CCl4

Metallic chemical bonds Bond between Na atoms in Na(s) Noncovalent bonds Ion dipole bonds Dipole dipole bond Force between a Na+ ion and a water molecule Force between 2 like or unlike polar molecules such as two acetone molecules or an acetone molecule and a chloroform molecule Force between molecules 2 water

Hydrogen bond

TYPES
Induced Dipole

EXAMPLE
Force between molecule and molecule a a water CO2

London Dispersion Force Force between two nonpolar molecules of I2

Hydrophobic and hydrophilic interactions

Hydrophilic

interactionsare interactions between water and other polar molecules. It has charged particles that are attracted to the charges within the water molecule forming hydrogen bond. The positive sodium ion interacts with the partial negative region of the water molecule. The negatively charged chloride ion interacts with the partially positive part of the water molecule.

Hydrophobic and hydrophilic interactions

Hydrophobic interactions- are the repulsion of molecule from water. A non-polar molecule interacts with a neutral molecule and/or nonpolar solvent. Ex. Alkenes, oils, fats and greasy substances in general. Amphiphile- is a chemical compound that functions as both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties. Often called amphiphilic or amphipathic. Frequently symbolized by a ball and a zigzag line structure. The ball represents the hydrophobic polar head and the zigzag represents the non-polar hydrophobic tail. Ex. Plasma membrane

Water- a major component of the earths surface. It is a polar molecule because it is slightly negative charge at the oxygen and a slightly positive charge at the hydrogen end. It stabilize temperature because it can absorb considerable heat before or during changing temperature.
An

excellent solvent Has high cohesion High surface tension Strong capillary action High specific heat capacity Very dense at 4 degrees Celsius

A hydrogen ion, H+, is a single proton with a charge of +1. While a hydroxide ion, OH- has a charge of -1.

Acid is a substance that increases the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution. Have greater free hydrogen concentration. Base is a substance that reduces hydrogen ion concentration in a solution. Have less free hydrogen concentration. pH of 1 is very acidic while a pH of 14 is very basic. A pH that is neither acidic nor basic is pH of 7 which is pure water.
ACID NEUTRAL 7.0 BASE 7.01- 14.0 1.00- 6.99

pH

COMPUTATION:
pH=

-log[H+] negative log of the hydrogen ion concentration pOH= -log[OH-] using the hydroxideion concentration

MONOSACCHARIDES
Glucose-

known as dextrose and is the major energy source in the body Fructose- which is also called levulose or fruit sugar Galactose- which is derived from milk sugar They may have same empirical formula, C6H2O6, but different structural formulas

DISACCHARIDES
Sucrose-

which is ordinary table sugar; glucose + fructose= sucrose Lactose- which is found only in milk; glucose + galactose= lactose Maltose- used mainly in brewing in beer production; glucose + glucose= maltose *monosaccharides and disaccharides are soluble in water, taste sweet and have low molecular weight

OLIGOSACCHARIDES
are

CHO that are composed of two to ten monosaccharides. It is a broad classification that includes disaccharides. Ex. Fructooligosaccharide which serves as a food for the beneficial bacteria of the intestine

POLYSACCHARIDES
(a.) Glycogen- also known as animal starch and is the storage form of CHO in the human body (b.) Chitin- main component of the cell walls of fungi, exoskeleton of arthropods, such as crustaceans and insects, ants, beetles and butterflies. (c.) Cellulose- which is the indigestible part of plants and a source of fiber in the diet

ATHEROSCLEROSIS

LIPIDS
FUNCTIONS: Concentrated source of energy, providing about 50% of the total calories in the diet Dietary essential fatty acids Vehicle for the efficient absorption of the fatsoluble vitamins ADEK Source of non protein calories that enables protein to be spared for the maintenance and building of body tissue

AMINO ACIDS
ESSENTIAL HISTIDINE ISOLEUCINE LEUCINE LYSINE METHIONINE PHENYLALANINE THREONINE TRYPTOPHAN VALINE NON-ESSENTIAL CONDITIONALLYESSENTIAL ARGININE ASPARAGINE ASPARTIC ACID GLUTAMIC ACID SERINE ARGININE CYSTINE GLYCINE PROLINE TYROSINE

RNA

DNA VS. RNA