Urban Transportation Planning Process

Background Movement of goods & people Traffic and Transportation Problems Demographic and Socio-Economic

Basis of Transportation Planning Process

Travel Patterns are tangible Movement Demand can be determined Inter-relation between modes Transportation System Influences development of an area Transportation Planning is an integral part of overall planning

Development of TPP

Growth Factor Land use Traffic Flow Traffic Functional (Congestion, Delay, Poor Accessibility and Accidents, New Facilities etc.) Alternative Future Land Use Draw back Transportation System to fit Predetermined Land use

INVENTORIES
Transportation facilities Land Use Travel

LAND- USE FORECAST

Population Economic activity Land Use

TRAVEL FORECAST
Trip Generation Trip Distribution Future Travel Demand

OBJECTIVES & STANDARDS

PLAN PREPARATION
Land Use Transportation System

PLAN TESTING EVALUATION

Trip Generation Trip Distribution Traffic Flow

Figure: Transportation Planning Process

Factors Influencing Transport Demand

Location of Activities Availability of Transport Systems Demographic and Socio-economic

Demography

Population Size Population Structure Household Size Income Level

Urban Transportation Planning Process

Method of determining urban travel demand With group of models known as Sequential Aggregate Models

3 distinct phases: A survey analysis and model building phase Forecasting phase Evaluation Phase

Steps: Data collection Establishment of basic relationships Four stage UTP Prediction of input parameters Prediction of future travel demand Plan preparation ,Evaluation and Implementation

Trip Generation

Person Trip Ends

Model Split

Transit trip ends

Non-transit trip ends

Transit trip distribution

Non-transit trip distribution

Trip End Models

Generation
Production Zone 1 2 3 47 66 110 1

Distribution

Mode Choice

Trip assignment

2 10 18 32 40

3 19 4 65

Mode I Mode II

15 25

1 2 30 5 3

Route a route b route c

5 17 3

Attraction 1 2 3 45 90 88

Trip Generation

Person Trip Ends

Trip Distribution Trip Movements Model Split

Transit Trips

Non-transit Trips

Trip Interchange Models

Ist Stage - Planning for survey - Survey 2nd Stage - Analysis - Modeling 3rd Stage - Solution generation - Evaluation & Implementation

Definition of Area/Boundary Country Region City Establishment of Cordon lines Screen lines Zones Street network

Manpower requirement Time involved (Bar- Chart)

Analysis of Data & Modelling

Analysis carried out through four stage sequential planning process, traditionally known as UTP (Urban Transport Planning). Trip Generation Trip Distribution Modal Split Trip Assignment

Definition of TRIP

One way movement from one place to another place.

HOME WORK

SHOP

Two main classes of Trips

1. Home based Trips

Work Trip School Trip Shopping Trip Social Trip 2. NHB Trips - Between work & Shopping - Between two places of employment
-

Trip Generation

Trip Production: Associated with trips generation with residential trips. Trip Attraction: Trips associated to describe generated by activities at nonresidential areas (shops etc.).

Factors Affecting Trip Generation

TRIP PRODUCTION Land Use Factors Intensities of residential activities Total population No. of dwelling units Population density

Household Factors

Income Family Size Vehicle ownership Family Structure

Socio-Economic Factors Age, Sex

Occupation Property Value

Urbanization Factors Degree of urbanization Distance From CBD Accessibility Factors

TRIP ATTRACTION Land Use Factors Commercial land use Industrial land use Employment centers Manufacturing Retail & Wholesale trade Recreational centers

Activity Factors Accessibility & Location Factors

Methods of Trip Generation Models

Zonal regression House hold regression method Category analysis Person trip models

Trip Production = f (population,.) Trip Attraction = f (Employment,.) Y = b0 + b1 x1 + b2 x2 + + bK xK b0 = intercept b1 ,b2....bK

To be estimated from regression method

Main issues in the development of this model

Identification of those variable which have significant and separate effects of trips generation The model must not only provide good statistical fit to present day data but must also be of a logical and meaningful form. The variables must be capable of being estimated for future year.

Household Least Square Regression analysis

Similar except instead of zone, household is considered a trip making unit. Advantageous because of disaggregation However, not used so far because of Category analysis

Category Analysis
Developed by Wootan & pick (U.K.) Households are categorized into Income (6 ranges) Car-ownership (3 ranges) Household structure (6 ranges)

Thus in all 6*3*6=108 categories are established.

To each of these categories a trip rate is assigned on the basis of survey data. P i = h i (c) . T (c)

P i = No. of trips produced by zone I by a certain type of people. h i (c) = No. of house holds in zone I in category c. T (c) = trip production rate of household category.

Problems: Deriving trip rate for each category Allocating household to categories in the base year and future years.

Trip Distribution
Growth Factor Models - Uniform factor Tijth = Tijb . F

- Average factor =Tijb . Fi + Fj 2

- Detroit method

= Fi . Fj F

- Fratar method =Fi . Fj . Li + Lj

2

- Furness method Gravity Models

Example: Detroit Method

I II
3 300 33 4 3

100 25

25 50 75

250 150

132 132 50 132 75

1000 525

300 1

200

400

300 1

175

800

Total 300 + 1000 + 800 + 300 = 2400 Observed total 100 + 250 +400 +300 =1050 Therefore, F=2400/1050 = 2.28 Tij = 25* (3*4/2.28) = 132

Gravity Models
Adopted from Law Of Gravity F 12 = G. M 1 M 2 d 122 T ij = R iC jP iA jf ( C ij ) T ij = Trip between zones i & j P i = Production at I A i = Attraction at j f ( C ij ) = function that separates i & j R iC j = constant of proportionality

Unconstrained Gravity model Production constrained Attraction constrained Fully constrained

Gravity Calibration Procedure

Simulated & observed trip Length frequency distribution should exhibit the following two characteristics: Shape & position of both curves should be close to each other when compared visually The difference of Av. Trip length should be within 3%.

20
Observed

% of total trips

15

10

Simulated

0 10 15 17 20 21 25 27 28 30 33 35 38 40 42 45 50 55 60

Travel time (min)

If the frequency curves do not meet these criteria, than a new set of travel time factors are estimated from the following: f ( Cij ) = f ( Cij ) OD%/GM% Then plot;

60 50 Travel time factor 40 30 20 10 0 10 20 30 40 50 Travel time

For calibration we need to have zonal production of trips , zonal attraction of trips and time matrix.

Methods
Home Interview Postal (Questioner) Road side interview Goods vehicle survey, Intermediate Public Transport (IPT) survey, Public Transport used also for Transport modeling purpose.

Four stage UTP modeling

O

1 Trip Generation 2 Trip Distribution 3 Modal Split 4 Assignment The study area is grouped onto zones and basic information /data are obtained from each zone. Information of O-D are prepared through O-D table 7/or Desire-line diagram.

Network Assignment
Essentially deals with the route choice of traveller. steps involved: Coding the network (node, centroids & links) Choosing the shortest path Assigning the trips onto the network through shortest paths.

From Node 120 120 121 121 122 127 125 126
120

To Node 121 125 120 122 127 122 126 125

Distance (Km) 1.4 1.2 1.4 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.4 1.2
121

Speed 40 50 40 40 30 40 40 50
122

35 centroid 126 127

125

Deficiencies Analysis
Proposed (Long term) Existing Proposed (short term) Feasibility of Links Engineering Economic