THE EYE

Evy Sulistyoningrum

EYE

EYE

Development of the human eye

EYE

Complex photosensory organ 24 mm in diameter, located in the hollow bony orbits Tunics of eye bulb: Fibrous tunic Vascular tunic Neural tunic Eye compartment: Anterior chamber Posterior chamber Vitreus

Tunica fibrosa

Outer most Consist of: Sclera White Opaque Covers posterior five sixths of the orb Cornea Colorless Transparent Anterior one sixths of the orb

Sclera

Tough fibrous connective tissue Type I collagen bundles alternating with elastic fibers Gives form of the orb (plus aqueous humor + vitreus body) Cells of the sclera: Fibroblast Melanocytes Capsule of Tenon Envelops tendons of the extraocular muscles Covers optic nerve Separates the orb from periorbital fat

Cornea

Transparent Avascular Bulges out anteriorly Five layer:

Corneal

epithelium Bowmans membrane Stroma Descemets membrane Corneal endothelium

CORNEA

Corneal epithelium

Continuation of the conjunctiva Non-keratinized complex squamous epithelium 5-7 layers of cells Desmosomal contacts Highly innervated Turnover rate 7 days Transferring water and ions from stroma to the conjunctival sac

Bowmans membrane
Type I collagen Synthesized by corneal epithelium and stroma Stability of the cornea

Stroma
Thickest layer Collagenous connective tissue Type I collagen, elactic fibers Extracellular matrix: keratan sulfate, chondroitin sulfate Limbus: Sclero-corneal junction Trabecular meshwork Canal of Schlemm

Descemets membrane
Thick basement membrane Collagen fiber

Corneal endothelium
Lines posterior surface of the cornea Simple squamous epithelium Synthesis of protein for the Descemets membrane Sodium pumps: resorbs excess fluid within the stroma maintain stroma dehydrated clarity of the cornea

Tunica vasculosa

Uvea Consists of:

Choroid Cilliary

body

Iris

Choroid

Well-vasculatured choriocapillary layer providing nutrients for the cornea Pigmented melanocytes Loose connective tissue Bruchs membrane
Separated

choroid-retina Collagen-elastic-collagen layer

Ciliary body

Extension of the choroid rings the inner wall of the eye at the lens level Ciliary processes Medial surface of the choroid: projects to the lens Fibers: forms suspensory ligaments of the lens (zonulae Zenii) Layers of the ciliary body/ciliary processes: Outer: non-pigmented columnar epithelium Inner: pigmented simple columnar epithelium

Aqueous humor
Produced by ciliary processes (non-pigmented epithelium) Route: Ciliary processes posterior chamber pupillary apertura anterior chamber iridocornealis angle trabecular meshwork canal of Schlemm venous system Nutriens and oxygen for the lens and cornea

Ciliary muscles
3 bundles of smooth muscle cells One altering the opening of canal of schlemm Two reducing tension of the zonulae Zenii

IRIS

Between anterior and posterior chambers Covering the lens excepts at the pupil Coloring the eye 2 concentric rings Anterior pupillary zone Irregular Pigmented cells and fibroblasts Posterior ciliary zone Heavily pigmented blocks light passing the iris Dilator pupillae muscle Sphincter pupillae muscle

Capsul

UVEA
IRIS AC

PC Lens

M.sfingter

Lens

Transparent, biconvex

3 parts: Lens capsule Basal lamina Type IV collagen + glycoprotein Subcapsular epithelium Simplex cuboidal epithelium Lens fiber Modified subcapsular epithelium cells Hexagonal, lose their nuclei and organelles Elongation maturation Filled with crystallin

Lens

VITREUS BODY

Fills the vitreus cavity Transparent, refractile gel Consists of:

Water ( 99%) Collagen & hyaluroic acid

Macrophages Hyalocytes synthesis collagen +hyaluronic acid

Neural tunic

Retina Outer layer: pigmented layer from choroid Inner layer: retina proper Ora serrata Photoreceptor cells : cones and rods Optic disk: exit site of the optic nerve No photoreceptor blind spot Macula lutea 2.5 mm lateral to optic disk Yellow-pigmented zone Fovea centralis center of the macula lutea Contain only cones Greatest visual acuity

Fovea & Optic Nerve

OPTIC DISK

Optic disk

Cells of the retina

Photoreceptors Bipolar cells Ganglion cells Axon of ganglion cells forms optic nerve Horizontal cells: In the synaptic junction between photoreceptor and bipolar cells Modulate synaptic activity Amacrine cells Connects ganglionic cells Transferring neuronal information from bipolar cells Muller cells/neuroglia supportive cell of the neural retina

Retina proper
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Pigment epithelium Layer of cones and rods Outer limiting membrane Outer nuclear layer Outer plexiform layer Inner nuclear layer Inner plexiform layer Ganglion cell layer Optic nerve fiber layer Inner limiting membrane

RETINA

Pigment epithelium

Cuboidal to columnar cell Attached to Bruchs membrane Melanin granule abundant Functions:

Light absorbtion Photoreceptor nutrition Rhodopsin formation Vitamin A estherification

Layer of cones and rods

120-120 million rods dim light 6 million cones color vision Unevenly distributed in the retina Polarized cells Apical portion = Outer segment specialized dendrites, surrounded by pigment epithelium Basal portion synapses to the bipolar cells

Rods

Very sensitive can produce signal from a single photon Elongated cells Phototransduction Consists of: Outer segment Membraneous lamellae Contains rhodopsin Longer than cones responds more slowly Inner segment Connecting stalk Synaptic region

Phototransduction in rod photoreceptors

Cyclic GMP-gated channels

Cones

Provide great acuity and color vision 3 types of cones, depends on different iodopsin color spectrum: Red Green Blue Elongated cells Consists of: Outer segment Membraneous lamellae Contains iodopsin Inner segment Connecting stalk Synaptic region

Distribution of rods and cones

Color vision

Outer limiting membrane

Zonulae adherentes between Muller cells and photoreceptor

Outer nuclear layer

Nuclei of the rods and cones

Outer plexiform layer

Axodendritic synapses between photoreceptor and dendrites of bipolar and horizontal cells

Inner nuclear layer

Nuclei of bipolar, horizontal, amacrine and Muller cells

Inner Plexiform layer

Processes of bipolar, ganglion and amacrine cells

Ganglion cell layer

Cell bodies of the ganglion cells

Optic nerve layer

Unmyelinated axon of ganglion cells

Inner limiting membrane

Basal laminae of Muller cells

Acessory structure of the eye

Conjunctiva

Transparent mucous membrane Palpebral conjunctiva: Lines inner surface of the eyelids Bulbar conjuctiva Consist of:
Complex

columnar epithelium Goblet cell Proper lamina: loose connective tissue

Conjunctiva

Palpebra

Folded skin cover anterior surface of the eye Eye protection Stratified squamous epithelium (skin) palpebral conjunctiva Tarsal plates, elastic fiber, no fat Eye-lashes 3 glands: Meibomian sebaceous gland tear film impedes evaporation Zeis: follicle-asscociated sebaceous gland (eyelashes) Moll : sweat gland

Palpebra

Palpebra + eyelashes

Lacrimal apparatus

Consist of: Lacrimal gland Lacrimal canaliculi Lacrimal sac Nasolacrimal duct

Lacrimal gland: Lacrimal fossa Tubuloalveolar gland Communicates with the sac via 6-12 secretory ducts Serous gland

Lacrimal apparatus

Lacrimal fluid Water Sterile fluid, contain lisozyme Blinking wash the tear to anterior of the eye Lacrimal fluid is wiped in medial direction lacrimal punctum lacrimal canaliculi (squamous complex epithelium) lacrimal sac (pseudostratified ciliated columnare epithelium) nasolacrimal duct (pseudostratified ciliated columnare epithelium)

Lacrimal gland

Lacrimal gland

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