7.

4 Cellular Transport
NWRC BIO 30

Cellular Transport
Watch this video first to review Diffusion movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. Continues until an equilibrium is reached Dynamic equilibrium particles move freely and are evenly distributed. (continuous movement with no overall change) video

Facilitated Diffusion
Substances move into the cell through a channel protein that opens and closes to allow the substance to diffuse. This requires no energy input so it is called Passive transport

Facilitated diffusion
Large polar molecules such as glucose and amino acids, cannot diffuse across the phospholipid bilayer. Also ions such as Na+ or Cl- cannot pass. These molecules pass through protein channels instead. Diffusion through these channels is called FACILITATED DIFFUSION. Movement of molecules is still PASSIVE just like ordinary diffusion, the only difference is, the molecules go through a protein channel instead of passing between the phospholipids.

AS Biology, Cell membranes and Transport

Homeostasis Maintaining a Balance

Cells must keep the proper concentration of nutrients and water and eliminate wastes. The plasma membrane is selectively permeable it will allow some things to pass through, while blocking other things.

Structure of the Plasma Membrane

Lipid bilayer two sheets of lipids (phospholipids). Found around the cell, the nucleus, vacuoles, mitochondria, and chloroplasts. Embedded with proteins and strengthened with cholesterol molecules.

Membrane Proteins
1. Determine what particles can pass through the membrane. 2. Serve as enzymes (may speed reactions). 3. Act as markers that are recognized by chemicals and molecules from the inside and the outside of the cell (the immune system).

Cellular Transport
Passive transport no energy is needed to move particles.
Facilitated diffusion embedded proteins act as tunnels allowing particles to fall through.

Facilitated Diffusion through a membrane

Cell membrane

diffusion

Protein channel

Inside cell

Outside cell

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Facilitated Diffusion through a membrane

Cell membrane

diffusion

Protein channel

Inside cell

Outside cell

EQUILIBRIUM
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Facilitated Diffusion: Molecules will randomly move through the opening like pore, by diffusion. This requires no energy, it is a PASSIVE process. Molecules move from an area of high concentration to an area of low conc.

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Cellular Transport
Active transport energy is needed to move particles.

[2]

Carrier proteins embedded proteins change shape to open and close passages across the membrane. Endocytosis taking something into the cell. Exocytosis expelling something from the cell.

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Active Transport
Active transport is necessary when substances must move from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration . This requires energy so it is referred to as active transport click here for a demo of the Na+/K+ pump (see figure 727)

Endocytosis
Endocytosis {Endo (within) cytosis (cell) } is a process in which a substance gains entry into a cell without passing through the cell membrane.

Exocytosis
Exocytosis is the reverse of endocytosis. Exocytosis is a process in which an intracellular vesicle (membrane bounded sphere) moves to the plasma membrane and subsequent fusion of the vesicular membrane and plasma membrane ensues.

Click here for demo of both processes

Cell Membrane - Function - Endocytosis The cell membrane can also engulf structures that are much too large to fit through the pores in the membrane proteins this process is known as endocytosis. In this process the membrane itself wraps around the particle and pinches off a vesicle inside the cell. In this animation an ameba engulfs a food particle.

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Exocytosis The opposite of endocytosis is exocytosis. Large molecules that are manufactured in the cell are released through the cell membrane.

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Osmosis
Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane. Occurs until water is balanced on both sides of the membrane.

Osmosis
The net movement of water molecules along a concentration gradient from an area of high water concentration (HWC) to an area of low water concentration (LWC) through a selectively permeable membrane.

Osmosis
DILUTE SOLUTION

CONCENTRATED SOLUTION
Cell membrane partially permeable.

Sugar molecule

VERY Low conc. of water molecules.

VERY High conc. of water molecules.

Inside cell

Outside cell

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Osmosis
Cell membrane partially permeable.

Low conc. of water molecules. OSMOSIS

High conc. of water molecules.

Inside cell

Outside cell

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Osmosis
Cell membrane partially permeable.

OSMOSIS

Inside cell

Outside cell

EQUILIBRIUM. Equal water concentration on each side. Equal water potential has been reached. There is no net AS Biology, Cell membranes and movement of water
Transport

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Cell Concentrations
Example Salt Water

Hypertonic solutions more dissolved solute. More water leaves cell than enters Hypotonic solutions less dissolved solute. More water enters cell than leaves

Isotonic solutions (normal) the same dissolved solute.

Example Pure distilled water

Isotonic hypertonic and hypotonic

.Click here to see demo

Osmosis in Red Blood Cells

Normal RBC

Shrunken RBC

Osmosis in Plant Cells

Normal Red Onion Cells

Plasmolysed Red Onion Cells

Overcoming Osmosis
Contractile vacuoles expel excess water from bacterial cells that live in water. Turgor pressure water pressure in a plant cell. Loss of turgor pressure causes wilting (plasmolysis).

The Role of a Contractile Vacuole in an Amoeba

Assessment
1. List only (supply your own definitions) Diffusion Osmosis Active Transport Endo and Exo cytosis

Assessment
2. The plasma membrane is selectively permeable Cellular transport methods also move substances into and out of cell

Assessment
.

q3

Assessment
4. . moves substances FD with the gradient and does not require cellular energy to transport a molecule across the plasma membrane. Active transport requires energy because it moves substances against the gradient