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Introduction
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 Principle and Purpose of CW Test Chapter 2 CW Test Flow Chapter 3 Analysis of CW Test Data Chapter 4 Propagation Model Tuning
Training.huawei.com
Section 1
Basic Principle of
Radio Propagation
Section
Principle
of
Frequency
3 30Hz 30 300Hz 300 3000Hz 3 30 k Hz 30 300 k Hz
Wavelength
10 10 km 10 10 km 10 10 km 10 10 km 10 1 km 10 10 m 10 10 m 10 1 m 10 10 cm 10 1 cm 10 1 mm 1 0.1 mm
2 2 2 3 2 4 3 5 4
300 3000 k Hz
3 30MHz 30 300MHz 300 3000MHz 3 30GHz 30 300GHz 300 3000GHz
Microwave
Note: The above table is from Electromagenetic, Antenna and Electric Wave Propagation, written by Pan Zhongying.
The variable magnetic field can excite eddy electric field and variable electric field can also excite eddy magnetic field.
Continuous electromagnetic oscillation (electromagnetic wave) forms due to mutual excitation of alternating electric and magnetic field.
The speed of electromagnetic wave only varies with electric and magnetic characteristics of medium. The propagation speed of electric microwave in vacuum equals that of light in
vacuum.
Light and electromagnetic wave are essentially the same. Light is electromagnetic wave of a certain wavelength.
Oscillator
Magnetic field
Electric field
Electric field
It is propagated in the form of spherical wave in three-dimension space. The propagation media are different, including air, obstacle and reflector.
Suppose transmitted power of point source is Prad (W), the power of unit area d (m) away (namely, Poynting vector) is:
Pt Gt Pfs (W/m2 ) 4d 2
Suppose effectively received area of the Rx antenna is Ae (m2) and the gain is Gr (dBi), they satisfy the following equation:
2 Ae G r (m 2 ) 4
Radio
propagation actual environment in
Reflected wave of buildin Diffracted wave Direct wave Reflected wave on the gr
Pr (dBm)
-20
-40
Fast fading
Slow fading
-60 Slow fading Attenuation: Pr is in direct proportion to 1/dn. Shadow: obstructed by barriers 10
Fast fading Multipath effect
Fast changes to signal strength at small distance and time interval Doppler frequency shift Delay spread
20
30
d (m)
Explicit diversity
Space diversity Polarization diversity Frequency diversityGSM-frequency hopping; WCDMAspread spectrum Others: directional diversity, field diversity and transmit diversity Implicit diversity uses signal processing technologies to hide diversity functions into signals under transmission, such as RAKE reception technology, channel interlacing and error code correction. Regarded as time diversity
Implicit diversity
Delay Spread
Multipath propagation: Signals on different paths reach the receiver at different time. When the receiver fails to differentiate multipath signals, cochannel interference (CCI) occurs. In the WCDMA system, only the multipath delay larger than one chip period (0.26s)can be recognized. Typical value (s): Open < 0.2, Suburban = 0.5, Urban = 3
Solutions Equalization and RAKE technology
f1 f3
Vspeed of MS
angle where signals arrives
f2
V(km/h)
Loss
Diffraction loss T T R
Penetration loss
Clutter loss
Diffraction Loss
Characteristics: Electromagnetic wave is diffused around at the diffraction point. Diffracted wave covers all directions except for barriers. Diffusion loss is the most serious. Calculation formula is complicated, varying with different diffraction constants.
Penetration Loss
Indoor signals depend on penetration loss of building. Signals are different at the indoor window and in the middle of room. Building materials have great effect on penetration loss.
E2
WdBm XdBm
E1
Reflection and refraction of electromagnetic wave through the wall
Penetration loss=X-W=B dB
Penetration Loss
Obstacle/penetration loss is: Partition obstruction: 520dB Floor obstruction: 20dB Indoor loss value is function of floor height: -1.9dB/floor Obstruction of furniture and other barriers: 215dB Thick glass: 610dB Penetration loss of the carriage of the train: 1530dB Penetration loss of lift: 30dB or so Loss of thick leaves: 10dB
Reflection Loss
Ground type
Water
Rice paddy
Field
Equivalent ground
reflection coefficient Reflection loss (dB)
0.91
0.60.8
0.30.5
0.10.2
01
24
610
1420
Radio propagation environment determines the propagation models directly. And propagation environment is impacted by the following factors: Landform: high mountain, hill, plain, waters, and vegetation Clutter: building, road and bridge Noise: natural noise and artificial noise Climate: rain, snow and ice (tiny effect on UHF band)
Radio environment is classified as follows, according to ITU-R P.1411-1 and specific conditions in China.
Propagation environment Dense urban Many tall buildings, signals fail to diffract from the roof of building . Urban Signals can diffract from the roof due to low buildings and wide streets. Suburban Rural Mountainous areas Road Indoor Low and sparse buildings Low and sparse buildings, but with lots of vegetation Description
Macro-cell
>500 m
Micro-cell
100~500m
Pico-cell
<100m
Section
Theory
of
Section 3 Test
Purpose of CW
Propagation model is used to predict the effect of terrain, obstacle and artificial environment on the path loss.
Radio Propagation
Section
Theory
of
Purpose of CW Test
Compare
GPS
propagation parameters
to improve the accuracy of coverage prediction.
Section
Theory
of
Section 3 Test
Purpose of CW
Typification
Balance
The CW test data must represent the characteristic of electromagnetic wave by the proportion of different
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 Theory and Purpose of CW Test Chapter 2 CW Test Flow Chapter 3 Analysis of Test Data Chapter 4 Propagation Model Tuning
Training.huawei.com
CW Test Flow
Platform in Networking
Site Selection
tested in large and dense city, but one site is enough in the city, which
mainly depends on antenna height and EIRP.
Representation: Site selection should aim to cover all types of clutter
Site Selection
Standards
of site selection
a. Antenna height should be greater than 20m. b. The antenna should be 5m higher than the nearest obstacle. c. The obstacle mainly refers to the highest building on the roof where the antenna is installed. The building where the site is located should be higher than average height of surrounding buildings.
5m
CW Test Flow
Signal source
TMA
RF cable 1 RF cable 2
Rx antenna
Power supply
Laptop
Record
Gain of Rx antenna
CW Test Flow
Platform in Networking
Drive Test
Height: The test route must cover landforms with different height in
in the area.
Direction: The test points must be consistent on the horizontal and
vertical route.
LengthThe total distance of one CW test should be longer than
60km.
Number of test points: The more, the better.
Overlap: Overlap the test route in different sites as much as
Drive Test
Lee criteria for sampling: 50 samples by 40 The maximum vehicle speed: Vmax=0.8/Tsample Delete test results from the sampled data under abnormal conditions:
Fading over 15~30db without reasonable causes In tunnels Under the viaducts
Select test routes from the main lobe coverage area if directional antennas are adopted for a CW test.
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 Theory and Purpose of CW Test Chapter 2 CW Test Flow Chapter 3 Analysis of Test Data Chapter 4 Propagation Model Tuning
Training.huawei.com
Dispersion
Conversion
Data Filtering
design of CW test.
Data Dispersion
Propagation
indicated as follows:
r(x) = m(x)r0(x)
X: distance r(x): received signals r0(x): Raileigh Fading
xL
r ( y)dy
m(x): local mean value, the combination of long-term fading and space propagation loss 2L: average length between sampling areas, also called
intrinsic length
Data Dispersion
The CW test is to obtain the local mean value of each geography location in some areas as far as possible, i.e. the difference of r(x) and m(x) should be the minimum value. In this sense, effect of Raileigh Fading should be excluded. When the intrinsic length equals 40 wavelength and the number of sampling points is 50, the difference of test data and actual local mean value can be less than 1dB according to Lee criteria.
Intrinsic length is average length for binning (2G band is 6 m long, namely, 40 wavelength) Since the locating speed of GPS is far lower than the receiving speed of the receiver, the dispersion processing is required before the binning.
Data Dispersion
Conditions:
There are many test records arranged under each locating point in time sequence because the receiving speed of the receiver is far higher than the locating speed of GPS. The vehicle speed between two locating points is uniform.
Processing:
Equally distribute these records to the route section between
two points in time sequence so that there will be sufficient points in every 6m range on test route.
Conversion
Data Binning
Objectives:
Reserve the impact of slow fading but eliminate the fast fading
Methods:
Method 1: make grids for the whole area with 6m side, perform the arithmetic average for the data located in each grid, and then
Method 2: divide the path into sections in equal interval with 6m for each, and perform the arithmetic binning for the data in each section to select some point for the location of mean value.
Format Conversion
The
Data
X
Format
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 Principle and Purpose of CW Test Chapter 2 CW Test Flow Chapter 3 Analysis of Test Data Chapter 4 Propagation Model Tuning
Training.huawei.com
Section
1 Preparation
Section
Propagation
Model Tuning
Preparations
UNET is powerful planning and optimization software and model tuning is only one of its functional modules.
Creating a project
In UNET, perform planning and optimization model tuning based on each project.
Model Tuning
YES
Is Filtering Necessary
NO
SPM CELIBRATION
Analysis Results
NO
Establishing a model
Importing data
correction
GPS locating in CW test usually adopts WGS84 and UTM projection. However, digital maps in China do not use such
Correction method: Correct four parameters on rectangular coordinates in a digital map to realize the optimal match with the test data.
Setting
Filtering
Distance filtering: Filter the data of which r is less than 150m or r is greater than 3000m.
Signal strength filtering: Filter the data of which Signal is greater than -40dBm or Signal is less than -121dB.
Clutter filtering
Filter the Clutter in which sampling points are less than 300.
tuning
+ K5log(d)log(HTxeff) + K6(HRxeff) + Kclutterf(clutter)
Tune such parameters as log(d), log(Heff), Diff, log(d)log(Heff), Hmeff and Klutter to finally tune SPM propagation model.
Parameter K
Reference value
K1
K2 K3 K4 K5 K6
23.2
44.90 5.83 0.5 -6.55 0
of correction results
Analyze correctness of the acquired model after correction. Evaluate the correctness of the model with Std Dev, which refer
Make Std Dev less than 8 as much as possible in actual model tuning, which indicates that the tuned model and actual test
Summary
Thank you!