ENGINE TOP END

CYLINDER HEAD CONSTRUCTION

Valve guide construction Valve seat construction Diesel pre-chamber cup Stratified charge chamber

Types of Cylinder Heads

Old fashion Flatheads Overhead Valve (OHV or I-Head) Single Overhead Cam (SOHC) Dual Overhead Cam (DOHC or Twin cam)
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Flathead Engines
All valve train parts are in the cylinder block. Cylinder heads have nothing more than water jackets, spark plug threaded hole and some bolt holes. Tend to be very low compression. Poor power by todays standards.

VALVE TRAIN

VALVE TRAIN CONSTRUCTION

Valve construction Valve seal construction Valve spring construction Valve spring shim Valve retainers and keepers Valve spring seat Valve rotators Valve stem cap
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Valve Train Components

Valve train components will vary depending on the type of head configuration. OHV, SOHC or DOHC

Overhead Valve Engines

Has valves in cylinder head increasing compression. Camshaft still in block. Uses lifters, pushrods and rocker arms. Most common head design until 1990s.

Single Overhead Cam (OHC)/(SOHC)

Single cam mounted in head. Opens both intake and exhaust valves. One cam on an inline engine and two cams on a vee engine.

Dual Overhead Cam (DOHC)

Camshafts mounted in cylinder head. One cam opens intake valves and one opens exhaust valves. Often used with 4 valves per cylinder. Most high performance of all types. Vee engines have 4 cams.

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DOHC

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Camshafts
Opens the valves at the right time. Actually converts rotary motion to reciprocating motion. Uses a cam lobe for each valve. Usually made of cast iron. Has a great effect on engine performance. Can be given auxiliary functions like running the oil pump or distributor.
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CAMSHAFT CONSTRUCTION
Cam lobes Camshaft thrust plate Cam bearings Cam housing and cam cover

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Cam Lobe Terminology

Heel as known as the base circle. Nose is the tip of the lobe which determines cam lift. Opening and closing flanks and ramps. Timing points are where the cam starts to open and close the valve.

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Cam Lobe Lift

The distance the valve is pushed open. It is determined by the height of the lobe.

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Cam Duration
This chart is in degrees of crankshaft rotation. Note when the valves open and close and on which strokes. This is the duration. Its not what it may seem to be!

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Camshaft Drives
Gear on gear Gear and chain Belt and notched pulley Cam gear ALWAYS is twice as large as the crank gear, this makes the cam turn at

the

speed of the crank.

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Gear to Gear Drive

Simplest drive system. Reliable and strong but noisy. Reverses Direction of Power 2 times CW>CCW>CW

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Gear and Chain Drive

Quieter the gear types. Allows cam to be further away from crankshaft.

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Timing Belt
Used primarily on overhead cam engines. Uses a kevlar belt.

(police vests)

Can snap or stretch causing catastrophic damage to non-free running engines. Chains remain more popular with engine makers.
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Installing Timing Chains

Look for the timing marks on the gears. Point the marks at each other 6 and 12 oclock. Install cam gear to camshaft.

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OHC

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OHC direct

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OHC intermittent Shaft

Intermittent Shaft drives distributor Must Align ALL (3) Timing marks! Belt tension pulley

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Timing Variations

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VALVE &CAMSHAFT PLACEMENT

OHC / SOHC OHV DOHC In Block

I T

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VALVE OPERATION

http://www.howstuffworks.com/engine-cam.htm

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VALVE LIFTERS
Solid Lifters Roller Lifters Hydraulic Lifters Followers

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SOLID LIFTERS

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ROLLER LIFTERS

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HYDRAULIC LIFTERS

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FOLLOWERS ohc

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Valve Lifter Terminology

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Valve Lifters
Also known as cam followers or tappets. Come in three types: **** Mechanical or solid. Hydraulic. Roller (which can be hydraulic or solid).
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PUSH ROD CONSTRUCTION

Hollow tube Steel Vary in length Fit between Lifter and rocker arm

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Pushrods
Metal rod which transfers force from the lifter to the rocker arm.

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ROCKER ARM CONSTRUCTION

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Rocker Arms
Rocker arms are made of stamped steel, cast iron or aluminum. They transmit the force of the pushrod to the valve. Some have adjusters.
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Rocker Arms
Adjuster Cast Roller- Stamped

Pivot

Stamped
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Valves
Called mushroom or poppet valves. Made of high quality steel. The exhaust valve has one of the toughest jobs in the engine having to withstand temperatures of 1300 degrees F.

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Valve Overlap

This is when the intake and exhaust valve are open at the same time. It doesnt seem right but it works.

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INTAKE MANIFOLD CONSTRUCTION

Variable induction system

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EXHAUST MANIFOLD CONSTRUCTION

Single Exhaust Dual Exhaust Single w/crossover Headers

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