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**(3) Karst Connection Model. Addresses 4 major geomorphic mysteries about the Grand Canyon from a karst perspective. Carol Hill, Noel Eberz, and Bob Buecher. Grants from National Park Service, Grand Canyon Association, and National Speleological Society.
(1) Where did Ancestral Colorado River flow before its integration through the Grand Canyon ~6 Ma? (2) Why do the young narrow Little Colorado and Marble Canyons meet at the Confluence = C, whereas the Grand Canyon opens up below the Confluence?
(3) Why does the young narrow Marble Canyon cut its course less than a mile from the Chuar Basin?
(4) Why does the Colorado River make a sudden bend from south to west? (5) How did the Colorado River cross the Kaibab arch high? That is, how did the eastern Grand Canyon connect with the western Grand Canyon?
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F
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A
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B
Map showing groundwater divides (dashed lines) between hydrologic basins. Blue Springs (B) is the discharge point for the Black Mesa basin today. For each of these modern basins, water follows structure (synclines, faults) along the steepest hydraulic gradient to spring outlets in the Redwall Limestone. Solid arrows shows probable route Redwall water takes today from the 3 pits (Ah Hol Sah A, Indian, Black Abyss) to Fence Springs (F). From Huntoon (2000).
Ah Hol Sah sinkhole, near Tanner Wash, is 150 m across and 40 m deep. The sinkhole is actively collapsing into the Redwall karst aquifer, which is probably discharging at Fence Springs. A small wash (foreground) now drains (arrow) directly into the sinkhole; i.e., drainage to Tanner Wash has been pirated down the sinkhole to karst channels (caves) below. *The Karst Connection Model proposes that this same process happened at the Confluence ~6 Ma. Water flowing along the ancestral Little Colorado River was pirated down into a Confluence sinkhole in the same manner as it is today at Ah Hol Sah.
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F
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A
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B
Essentially, we are projecting what is happening today in the Kaiparowits basin (where the Redwall aquifer is still intact), back in time and spacially southward. At~6 Ma, before canyon dissection, the Redwall aquifer was still intact in the area of the Confluence (C). Note that the proposed karst connection goes under the Kaibab arch.
Water flows east down East Kaibab monocline, vertically down collapse features, and west along ancestral Black Mesa basin. It converges on Blue Springs fault, descends to the Redwall aquifer, and then moves northward, in the direction of the hydraulic gradient.
Pre- 6 Ma: No Marble Canyon No Little Colorado River Canyon No eastern Grand Canyon No Blue Springs (erosion had not cut down to Redwall level yet)
11145'
3615'
.. .. . .. . .. . .
C
3615'
Water flowed north in the Redwall aquifer until it encountered the Cedar Ridge anticline; then it was diverted southwest to the Confluence (C), creating a zone of collapse features - the Confluence sinkhole being one of this zone. Little Colorado River water was pirated down this collapsing sinkhole (blue arrow). The Cedar Ridge anticline caused water to divert toward the Confluence (green arrow), thus allowing headward erosion of Marble Canyon to proceed against dip. Confluence = surface + subsurface water. Collapse features and base map from Sutphin (1986); breccia pipes from Sutphin and Wenrich (1989) and Huntoon et al. (1996).
Reversal of drainage Where does water go? It follows steepest hydraulic gradient to exit as springs where Redwall Ls is exposed. Redwall karst aquifer flow goes under the Kaibab arch to discharge in headward eroding western Grand Canyon along synclinal axis of Grandview monocline. Spring discharge occurs along Redwall horizon in the Hance Rapids area where the Redwall Ls has been uplifted and exposed along faults
Sinkhole
Permeability pathways are produced by the fluid of the flow system itself rather than by some inherited geologic fabric or structure.
As karst conduits become larger and better integrated, the hydrologic flow system becomes dominant and conduits develop along the steepest hydraulic gradient.
Thus, flow in karst aquifers can cross faults and folds, move opposite to dip, and go under or through structures as it pursues a path along the steepest hydraulic gradient to discharg.
Kaibab arch
Marble Platform
C = Confluence
6000 ft
TOK = 6100 ft ~6000 ft (?) PS = Potentiometric surface HS Mesa, TOR = 5200 5000 ft
H = Hance spring
TOR = ~4500(?) PS
Butte fault
Confluence sinkhole
4000 ft
Extension faults
3000 ft
Redwall Ls
Schematic cross section of how Redwall karst aquifer water could have recharged on the Marble Platform, gone under the Kaibab arch, and discharged from the-then still-intact Redwall Limestone in the Hance Rapids area ~6 Ma. TOK = Top of the Kaibab; TOR = Top of the Redwall; PS = Potentiometric surface. Vertically exaggerated.
Subsequent collapse and canyon incision followed along the former karst connection route.
Once the Little Colorado River cut down to Redwall level at the Confluence and then in Little Colorado Canyon, the discharge point for the Black Mesa basin moved from H to C to B (Hance Rapids area to Confluence to Blue Springs) The former Redwall karst aquifer route past the Confluence thus became disconnected from the Black Mesa hydrologic basin by canyon incision.
BARBED TRIBUTARIES
Red arrows: Proposed direction of flow of ancestral Little Colorado River before karst connection at the Confluence (C). Barbed tributaries reflect the direction of this ancestral flow; tributaries are obtuse to todays direction of flow. Ancestral flow was down the northeast dip of beds; todays flow cuts opposite to dip. Black arrows: Direction of flow today
C
Base drawing from Ranney (2005)
CONCLUSION
Karst processes are key to understanding the Grand Canyon, from its connection to time of incision; yet these processes are rarely invoked in the standard models of its evolution.