CHLORINE

strong oxidizing agent

It has the highest electron affinity and the third highest electronegativity of all the elements; for this reason, chlorine is a strong oxidizing agent.

ELECTRO NEGATIVITY

 Elemental chlorine is commercially produced from brine by electrolysis.

PRODUCTION OF ELEMENTAL CHLORINE

2 NaCl + 2 H2O Cl2 + H2 + 2 NaOH Cathode: 2 H+ (aq) + 2 e H2 (g)Anode: 2 Cl (aq) Cl2 (g) + 2 e Overall process: 2 NaCl (or KCl) + 2 H2O Cl2 + H2 + 2 NaOH (or KOH)

Health effects of the free element and hazards

Chlorine is detectable with measuring devices in concentrations of as low as 0.2 parts per million (ppm), and by smell at 3 ppm. Coughing and vomiting may occur at 30 ppm and lung damage at 60 ppm. About 1000 ppm can be fatal after a few deep breaths of the gas.[24] Breathing lower concentrations can aggravate the respiratory system, and exposure to the gas can irritate the eyes.[69] The toxicity of chlorine comes from its oxidizing power. When chlorine is inhaled at concentrations above 30 ppm, it begins to react with water and cells, which change it into hydrochloric acid (HCl) and hypochlorous acid (HClO). When used at specified levels for water disinfection, the reaction of chlorine with water is not a major concern for human health. Other materials present in the water may generate disinfection by-products that are associated with negative effects on human health,[70][71] although the health risk is far lower than drinking undisinfected water.

1 2 3 4 5 6

1 H 1766 Li 1817 Na 1807 K 1807 Rb 1861 Cs 1860 Fr

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

Be 1798 Mg 1808 Ca 1808 Sr 1790 Ba 1808 Ra 1898

Sc 1879 Y 1794 * **

Ti 1791 Zr 1789 Hf 1923 Rf 1969

V 1830 Nb 1801 Ta 1802 Db 1970 Ce 1803 Th 1828

Cr 1797 Mo 1778 W 1783 Sg 1974 Pr 1885 Pa 1917

Mn 1774 Tc 1937 Re 1925 Bh

Fe * Ru 1844 Os 1804

Co 1737 Rh 1803 Ir 1804

Ni 1751 Pd 1803 Pt 1735 Uun 1987 Eu 1901 Am 1945

Cu * Ag * Au * Uuu 1994 Gd 1880 Cm 1944

Zn 1746 Cd 1817 Hg * Uub 1996 Tb 1843 Bk 1949

B 1808 Al 1825 Ga 1875 In 1863 Tl 1861

C * Si 1823 Ge 1886 Sn * Pb *

N 1772 P 1669 As * Sb * Bi *

O 1774 S * Se 1817 Te 1782 Po 1898

F 1886 Cl 1774 Br 1826 I 1804 At 1940

18 He 1895 Ne 1898 Ar 1894 Kr 1898 Xe 1898 Rn 1898

1939

Hs Mt Disput 1976 ed 1982 Nd 1925 U 1789 Pm 1945 Np 1940 Sm 1879 Pu 1940

* **

La 1839 Ac 1899

Dy 1886 Cf 1950

Ho 1878 Es 1952

Er 1843 Fm 1953

Tm 1879 Md 1955

Yb 1878 No 1957

Lu 1907 Lr 1961

Element Groups (Families)

Alkali Earth Rare Earth Non-Metals Alkaline Earth Other Metals Halogens Transition Metals Metalloids Noble Gases

NEUTRON NUMBERS
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 H 0 Li 4 Na 12 K 20 Rb 48 Cs 78 Fr 136 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

Be 5 Mg 12 Ca 20 Sr 50 Ba
81 Ra 138

Sc 24 Y 50 * **

Ti 26 Zr 51 Hf 106 Rf 157

V 28 Nb 52 Ta 108 Db 157 Ce 82 Th 142

Cr 28 Mo 54 W 110 Sg 157 Pr 82 Pa 140

Mn 30 Tc 55 Re 111 Bh 155 Nd 84 U 146

Fe 30 Ru 57 Os 114 Hs 157 Pm 84 Np 144

Co 32 Rh 58 Ir 115 Mt 157 Sm 88 Pu 150

Ni 31 Pd 60 Pt 117 Uun 159 Eu 89 Am 148

Cu 35 Ag 61 Au 118 Uuu 161 Gd 93 Cm 151

Zn 35 Cd 64 Hg 121 Uub 165 Tb 94 Bk 150

B 6 Al 14 Ga 39 In 66 Tl
123

C 6 Si 14 Ge 41 Sn 69 Pb
125

N 7 P 16 As 42 Sb 71 Bi
126

O 8 S 16 Se 45 Te 76 Po
125

F 10 Cl 18 Br 45 I 74 At
125

18 He 2 Ne 10 Ar 22 Kr 48 Xe 77 Rn 136

* **

La 82 Ac 138

Dy 97 Cf 153

Ho 98 Es 153

Er 99 Fm 157

Tm 100 Md 157

Yb 103 No 157

Lu 104 Lr 159

HALOGENS
The halogens are five non-metallic elements found in group 17 of the periodic table. The term "halogen" means "salt-former" and compounds containing halogens are called "salts". All halogens have 7 electrons in their outer shells, giving them an oxidation number of -1. The halogens exist, at room temperature, in all three states of matter: Solid- Iodine, Astatine Liquid- Bromine Gas- Fluorine, Chlorine The Halogens are:
Fluorine Chlorine Bromine Iodine Astatine

NOBLE GASES
The six noble gases are found in group 18 of the periodic table. These elements were considered to be inert gases until the 1960's, because their oxidation number of 0 prevents the noble gases from forming compounds readily. All noble gases have the maximum number of electrons possible in their outer shell (2 for Helium, 8 for all others), making them stable. Helium Neon Argon Krypton Xenon Radon

ELECTRON CONFIGURATION
1 2 3 18 He 2 B C N O F Ne 2,3 2,4 2,5 2,6 2,7 2,8 Al Si P S Cl Ar 2,8,3 2,8,4 2,8,5 2,8,6 2,8,7 2,8,8 Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr 2,8,10, 2,8,11, 2,8,13, 2,8,13, 2,8,14, 2,8,15, 2,8,16, 2,8,18, 2,8,18, 2,8,18, 2,8,18, 2,8,18, 2,8,18, 2,8,18, 2,8,18, 2,8,8,1 2,8,8,2 2,8,9,2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe 2,8,18 2,8,18 2,8,18 2,8,18 2,8,18 2,8,18 2,8,18 2,8,18 2,8,18 2,8,18 2,8,18 2,8,18 2,8,18 2,8,18 2,8,18 2,8,18 2,8,18 2,8,18 8,1 8,2 9,2 10,2 12,1 13,1 14,1 15,1 16,1 18,0 18,1 18,2 18,3 18,4 18,5 18,6 18,7 18,8 Cs Ba Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn * 2,8,18 2,8,18 2,8,18 2,8,18 2,8,18 2,8,18 2,8,18 2,8,18 2,8,18 2,8,18 2,8,18 2,8,18 2,8,18 2,8,18 2,8,18 2,8,18 2,8,18 32,10, 32,11, 32,12, 32,13, 32,14, 32,15, 32,17, 32,18, 32,18, 32,18, 32,18, 32,18, 32,18, 32,18, 32,18, 18,8,1 18,8,2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Fr Ra Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Uun Uuu Uub ** 2,8,18, 2,8,18, 2,8,18, 2,8,18, 2,8,18, 2,8,18, 2,8,18, 2,8,18, 2,8,18, 2,8,18, 2,8,18, 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32,10, 32,11, 32,12, 32,13, 32,14, 32,15, 32,17, 32,18, 32,18, 18,8,1 18,8,2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 * La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu 2,8,18 2,8,18 2,8,18 2,8,18 2,8,18 2,8,18 2,8,18 2,8,18 2,8,18 2,8,18 2,8,18 2,8,18 2,8,18 2,8,18 2,8,18 18,9,2 20,8,2 21,8,2 22,8,2 23,8,2 24,8,2 25,8,2 25,9,2 27,8,2 28,8,2 29,8,2 30,8,2 31,8,2 32,8,2 32,9,2 Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr 2,8,18, 2,8,18, 2,8,18, 2,8,18, 2,8,18, 2,8,18, 2,8,18, 2,8,18, 2,8,18, 2,8,18, 2,8,18, 2,8,18, 2,8,18, 2,8,18, 2,8,18, 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 18,10, 18,9,2 2 20,9,2 21,9,2 23,8,2 24,8,2 25,8,2 25,9,2 26,9,2 28,8,2 29,8,2 30,8,2 31,8,2 32,8,2 32,9,2 1 2 H 1 Li Be 2,1 2,2 Na Mg 2,8,1 2,8,2 K Ca 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

**

ELECTRICALLY HEATED EVAPORATORS

Chlorine gas is normally withdrawn directly from containers when withdrawal rates do not exceed the container vaporization rate. If a large quantity of chlorine gas is required, Chlorine evaporators are used. OPERATING PRINCIPLE Liquid chlorine is transferred from its source to the evaporator chamber by container pressure. This chamber is immersed in a controlled heated water bath, which increases the temperature of the liquid, causing it to boil. Liquid enters the chamber and maintains the required liquid level necessary to meet the vaporization rate for the gas demand. A change in gas demand will cause the chlorine liquid level to adjust. The gas released, rises through baffles and superheated as it leaves the chamber. A superheated gas is required to prevent gas reliquefaction in process piping.

EVAPORATOR
SAFE & SELF ADJUSTABLE CAPACITY Evaporator cannot fill with liquid to build excessive pressure because its liquid level is self-adjusting. An automatic shut-off and pressure reducing valve is included. A water temperature control thermostat and contacts for low water temperature alarm are also included. Other devices, as optional are high water temperature alarm switch; a gas temperature gauge on the instrument panel; and a low water alarm actuated by a level probe. Because the evaporation rate is self-adjusting, the proper liquid level is always maintained in the gas chamber. The proper water bath level is maintained by a make-up-water flow meter with a manual control valve. Or, an automatic make-up-water level system is optional, Level probes in this resistance-type system open and close a solenoid valve to maintain the proper water-bath level.

EVAPORATOR

PRINCIPLE OF WORKING OF COMBO UNIT - consisting of Chlorinator & Evaporator Liquid chlorine supply from the manifold of tonners to the unit by a 20 NB pipe. The liquid chlorine enters into the vaporizing chamber at the bottom. The water bath chamber is heated by electric immersion heater to maintain temperature of water bath at 80 deg.C. The Temperature control switch is interlocked with heater for temperature control. Low temperature switch set at 65 deg.C is interlocked to the ASV (auto shut off valve) to prevent liquid chlorine flooding the gas line. The High temperature switch provides alarm and cuts off the heaters.

Level switch controller maintains constant minimum level in the water bath chamber interlocked with solenoid valve on make up water line.
The expansion chamber and liquid chlorine line with a rupture disc and pressure switch assembly protects the line from rupture due to the thermal expansion of locked liquid chlorine in the pipeline. The pressure switch provides alarm. Local control panel of vapourizer provides required interlocks indicating lamp and annunciation for high & low temperature of water bath, low level in water bath & high pressure in liquid line. The pressure relief valve is provided as safety valve. The filter is provided to eradicate solid impurities. Pressure regulating valve reduces the chlorine gas pressure from 8 Kg/sq.cm normal inlet pressure to 2.5 Kg/sq.cm. on the downstream of PRV The chlorinator part - Vacuum regulator is normally closed and opens only in case of sufficient vacuum present. The vacuum in chlorinator is created by a motive water supply operated injector. The vacuum from the injector extends through the vacuum line up to the vacuum regulator. The flow meter of chlorinator is calibrated in Kg/hr. of chlorine. The flow control valve on the chlorinator is for manual setting of required flow in the chlorinator. The Differential pressure regulator maintains a constant differential pressure across the flow control valve. The Vacuum relief valve is to maintain maximum vacuum in the system. If the vacuum exceeds it takes atmospheric air inside for vacuum reduction. The emergency drain relief valve is vacuum to close and will open any water accumulation in the line more than 300 mm WC. The check valve prevents water entering. The chlorine solution line is taken to the point of application through a diffuser. The entire combo unit is skid mounted with pre-fabricated pipelines with all interconnecting fittings as shown in the scheme.

LICENSE
According to the "Compressed Gas Cylinder Act" Government of India, it is necessary to obtain a storage license when five or more containers are to be stored.

The following safety equipments accessories are the pre-requisites to obtain the license
Self contained Compressed air Breathing apparatus Emergency Kit Leak detector Protective clothing Safety shower and Eye wash fountain Weather cock Ventilation fans Suitable leak absorption system.

Leak Rates:
Leak Rates: The maximum chlorine discharge rate as liquid through a 100 Kg. cylinder is 100 Kgs/hr and that of 1,000 Kgs, ton container is 200 Kgs/hr. These discharge rates tend to vary over atmospheric conditions.

CHLORINE LEAK ABSORPTION

Technical Data
Sl.No. 1 2 3 Chlorine leak absorption capacity Kg/hr (Max.) Maximum chlorine absorbing capacity (Kgs.) Air: Chlorine mixture; (vol/vol) Ton container 200 900 6:01

4
5 6 7 8 9

Caustic soda per charge (Kgs.)

Water per charge (Litre) Soln. temp. after absorption (deg. C) Connected power (KW) Floor space required (Metres) Installation

1,035
8,500 60 5.2 4x4 - Indoor / Outdoor-

EMERGENCY KIT
EMERGENCY KIT FOR CHLORINE TON CONTAINER IEC Fabchem Limited the pioneers in the field of Chlorination and other Toxic Gas handling & Safety Systems with 30 years of experience have developed a " NEW GENERATION EMERGENCY KIT " to meet today's industrial safety requirements. THE KIT IS DESIGNED TO ARREST Leak through valve seat. Leak due to breakage of valve. Leak due to container wall puncture (Surface Leak). As an option the kit is provided with tools to suit "Leak Through Fusible Plug". Indian containers are not generally provided with fusible plug. UNIQUE DESIGN FEATURES Single operator can use the kit. Common wrench to operate the kit. Self centering design to attend valve leakage. Light in weight for easy handling. Pre-assembled unit to reduce handling time. Parts location Display and instruction on front of cabinet. All parts housed in a vertical floor mounted cabinet.