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Water Classification
Fresh Surface Waters - rivers - lakes - reservoirs Coastal and Marine Waters
Mangrove Areas
Mangroves (generally) are trees and shrubs that grow in saline coastal habitats in the tropics and subtropics.
Surface Water
Surface water is water on the ground or in a stream, river, lake, sea or ocean; as opposed to groundwater Important sources of public water supplies because of the high withdrawal rates they can normally sustain
Seawater
Sea water is water from sea or ocean
Groundwater
Water that has percolated downward from the ground surface through the soil pores. Not as susceptible pollution as surface water but once polluted, restoration is difficult and long term.
Reclaimed Wastewater
Water that has been treated sufficiently for direct reuse in industry and agriculture and for limited municipal reclamation.
Water Use
Consumptive renders water unavailable for future use; either because of evaporation, extreme pollution, or seepage underground; until the hydrologic cycle returns as rain. Non-consumptive leaves the water available (after treatment if necessary) for reuse without going through the hydrologic cycle.
Drought
Causes of Flooding
Heavy rainfall
Precipitation that do not evaporate either runoff or percolate into the soil
Forest and grasses retard water flow and promote percolation Heavily vegetated watershed s act as sponges. Light vegetation increases surface runoff and, hence flooding.
Causes of Flooding
Stripping of vegetation by farmers, urban planners, and developers Increasing number of highways, shopping centers, office buildings, and homes, which greatly increase the amount of impermeable surface
Controlling Flooding
Dams
Watershed management
Zoning
El Nio
El Nio is an unusual warming of the tropical Pacific Ocean that occurs irregularly at about 3-6 year intervals in response to large scale weakening of the trade winds that normally blow westward from South America toward Asia.
El Nio
Eastern South Pacific is dominated by an eastern center of high pressure Lower pressure prevails to the west Pressure difference causes the trade winds to blow east to west Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) pressure difference Negative SOI - the trade winds may relax or sometimes even reverse
Relaxation of the trade winds may allow warm water to appear at the surface of South America
This warm water not only kills off marine life, but also affects the atmosphere directly above it causing convection, which can cause intense rainfall in a region that is normally dry.
Impacts of ENSO
Australia-Drought and devastating bush fires Indonesia, Philippines-Crops fail, starvation follows India, Sri Lanka-Drought, fresh water shortages Tahiti-6 tropical cyclones
Impacts of ENSO
Across the Pacific - Coral reefs die
Saltwater Intrusion
Water recycling
Restoration Education: Learning to use water wisely