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PSYCHROMETRICS
A. Psychrometric Information
1. Psychrometric
psychro meaning cold
metrics meaning measure of
Actually, psychrometrics is more than the measurement of cold. It is a study of all the properties of moist air.
AIR
DRY
78% Nitrogen 20.9% Oxygen 1% Argon .1% Other Gases
WET
78% Nitrogen 20.9% Oxygen 1% Argon .1% Other Gases
PLUS Water Vapor
2. Atmospheric Air
The weight of air pushing down on the earth is referred to as atmospheric pressure.
At sea level, the pressure of 70o dry air is 14.696 lbs/in2(psi).
3. Standard Air
At a barometric pressure of 29.921 inches of mercury (14.696 psi), one pound of 70o dry air will occupy 13.33 cubic feet. standard air. Air at these conditions is known as
4. Specific Density
1 Specific Density = -----------------------Specific Volume
1 = --------- = .075 lbs/ft3 13.33
5. Relationship between Specific Volume and Specific Density
5. Relationship between Specific Volume and Specific Density

Specific Volume
Specific Density
6. Sensible Heat
If we wish to calculate the Btus
needed to raise the temperature of
dry air, we would use the sensible

heat formula.
Sensible Heat Formula

Btu/hr = Sp. Heat x Sp. Density x 60 min/hr x cfm x T
Btu/hr = .24 x .075 x cfm x T Btu/hr = 1.08 x cfm x T
7. BUT
Moisture is almost always present
in air and has a heat content of its
own.
This is known as latent heat.
8. Total Heat
is
Sensible Heat + Latent Heat
9. Enthalpy
is
the term used to indicate the
total heat content

of one pound of air.
Enthalpy
is measured with a
wet bulb
thermometer.
10. Total Heat Formula

We use the total heat formula for
changes in BOTH sensible and
latent heat AND it is useful to

determine the capacity of an air
conditioning system.
Total Heat Formula

Btu/hr = Sp. Density x 60 min/hr x cfm x H
Btu/hr = .075 x 60 x cfm x H Btu/hr = 4.5 x cfm x H
11. Relative Humidity

is a ratio of the amount of
moisture present in the air to
the amount it can hold at

saturation.
12. Specific Humidity

The amount of moisture present
in the air expressed in grains of
moisture per pound of dry air.
7,000 grains of moisture in
one pound of water.
13. Dew Point

The temperature at which the water vapor in the air becomes saturated and starts to condense into water droplets.
In Summary:
air has the following properties:
Density(dry or wet)
Volume
Sensible Heat
Latent Heat
and the following measurements can be found: Density Volume Temperature Dry bulb Wet bulb Dew Point Relative Humidity
And now to the
Psychrometric Chart
The
psychrometric
chart
is
simply a tool that can be used to determine the properties of moist air.
Construction of the Chart
C. PROCESSES
Sensible Heat Sensible Heat plus Humidification Chemical Dehydration Sensible Cooling
Cooling and Dehumidification

Evaporative Cooling
1. SENSIBLE HEAT PROCESS

Entering Conditions: (return air) 69oF dry bulb 55oF wet bulb
Determine: grains ________(specific humidity)
SENSIBLE HEAT PROCESS

Determine: grains ___42___(specific humidity)

dew point ________ F

dew point ___44___ F


enthalpy ________Btu/lb


enthalpy __23.22__Btu/lb


enthalpy __23.22__Btu/lb relative humidity ______%


enthalpy __23.22__Btu/lb relative humidity __40__%


specific volume ________Ft3/lb.


specific volume __13.45__Ft3/lb.



specific density _______lbs/ft3



specific density __.074__lbs/ft3

Leaving Conditions: (supply air) 95oF dry bulb 64.5oF wet bulb
Determine: grains _______(specific humidity)

Determine: grains __42__(specific humidity)

Determine: grains __42__(specific humidity) dew point ______oF

Determine: grains __42__(specific humidity) dew point __44__oF

enthalpy ______Btu/lb


relative humidity ______%

relative humidity __18__%

relative humidity __18__% specific volume ______Ft3/lb.

relative humidity __18__% specific volume __14.1__Ft3/lb.

specific density ______lbs/ft3



sensible heat factor ______


sensible heat factor __1.00__
Sensible Heat Added

Btu/hr = 1.08 x cfm x T
Btu/hr = 1.08 x 1000 x (95 69) Btu/hr = 1.08 x 1000 x 26 Btu/hr = 28,080
2. COOLING and DEHUMIDIFICATION

Entering Conditions: (return air) 80oF dry bulb 63.5oF wet bulb
COOLING and DEHUMIDIFICATION

Determine: grains __61___(specific humidity)

dew point ______ F

dew point __53.5__ F










specific volume ______ Ft3/lb.


specific volume __13.78__ Ft3/lb.



specific density ______ lbs/ft3



specific density __.073__ lbs/ft3



dew point ______oF

dew point __48__oF

dew point __48__oF


dew point __48__oF


dew point __48__oF


dew point __48__oF


dew point __48__oF

specific volume ______Ft3/lb.

dew point __48__oF


dew point __48__oF


specific density ______lbs/ft3

dew point __48__oF



dew point __48__oF


specific density __.076__lbs/ft3 sensible heat factor ______

dew point __48__oF


specific density __.076__lbs/ft3 sensible heat factor __.75__
Sensible Heat Removed

Btu/hr = 1.08 x cfm x T
Btu/hr = 1.08 x 1600 x (80 60) Btu/hr = 1.08 x 1600 x 20 Btu/hr = 34,560 Btu/hr
TOTAL Heat Removed

Btu/hr = 4.5 x cfm x H
Btu/hr = 4.5 x 1600 x (28.94 22.30) Btu/hr = 4.5 x 1600 x 6.64 Btu/hr = 47,808
qs SHR = -------QT
34,560 SHR = ----------47,808 SHR = .73
IF
1. You extend the process line through the 100% saturation line, then 2. the air would be completely saturated
as it leaves the coil, thus

3. the air temperature would be equal to the coil temperature.
What is that temperature?
43 F
a. APPARATUS DEW POINT

The temperature of the air at which it leaves the coil saturated.
100% RH
What is the temperature at which the air left our coil?
60 F
WHY?
b. BYPASS AIR
Because some of the air was
bypassed and unaffected by the
coil temperature.
This is known as
Bypass Factor
c. Conditions which affect the
BYPASS FACTOR
1. Fin Spacing 2. Number of Rows & Depth of Coil 3. Type of Fin 4. Velocity of Air 5. If Coil is Wet or Dry 6. Conditions of System
D. NOW
application of
PSYCHROMETRICS
APPLICATION 1
new unit installed in existing building 3 TON
Day 1 Conditions
Entering Air - 80 DB, 73 WB, 72%RH Leaving Air - 68 DB, 65 WB, 85%RH Determine:
o o o o
Sensible heat
Latent heat Sensible Heat Ratio
Locate these two conditions on the Psychrometric Chart Entering Air - 80 DB, 73 WB Leaving Air - 68 DB, 65 WB
o o o o
Draw a line connecting the two points.
Draw a vertical line down from the entering conditions.
Draw a line horizontally to the right from the leaving conditions.
At the intersection of these two lines, draw a line upwards following the wet bulb line until it crosses the line connecting the two points.
NOTE that the VERTICAL represents the latent load, and
line
NOTE that the HORIZONTAL line represents the sensible load.
Where does this point of crossing occur, in terms of distance from either point?
SO
Use the SWAG method to determine the approximate amount of sensible load and latent load you have.
Another method to determine the amount of sensible heat to latent heat is:
1. Locate the 80DB, 67WB reference dot. 2. Place your pencil point on the dot. 3. Lay a straight edge against the pencil point and use the dot as a pivot point.
4. Rotate the straight edge until it is

parallel to your original line.
5. Read the sensible heat percentage on

the far right of the chart.
NOW
Let us do it again for the Day 2 conditions.
Day 2 Conditions
Entering Air - 80 DB, 67 WB Leaving Air - 63oDB, 58oWB Determine: Sensible heat Latent heat
o o
Sensible Heat Ratio
o o o o
line
SO
1. Locate the 80DB, 67WB reference dot. 2. Place your pencil point on the dot. 3. Lay a straight edge against the pencil point and use the dot as a pivot point.
4. Rotate the straight edge until it is

parallel to your original line.
5. Read the sensible heat percentage on

the far right of the chart.
NOW
Let us do it again for the One Week Later conditions.
One Week Later Conditions

Entering Air - 78 DB, 62 WB
Leaving Air - 53 DB, 51 WB Determine: Sensible heat Latent heat Sensible Heat Ratio
o o o o
o o o o
line
SO
1. Locate the 78DB, 62WB reference dot. 2. Place your pencil point on the dot.
3. Lay a straight edge against the pencil point

and use the dot as a pivot point. 4. Rotate the straight edge until it is parallel to your original line. 5. Read the sensible heat percentage on the
far right of the chart.
Comparison of Critical Data

DAY 1 Temperature Difference DAY 2 Temperature Difference ONE WEEK LATER Temperature Difference
12
17
25

DAY 1 Sensible Heat Ratio DAY 2 Sensible Heat Ratio ONE WEEK LATER Sensible Heat Ratio
.43
.62
.86

DAY 1 Temperature Difference DAY 2 Temperature Difference ONE WEEK LATER Temperature Difference
12
17
25
CFM REQUIREMENTS
Temperature DROP
For
COOLING
1. Temperature DROP
18 22
o o o
Minimum = 15
Maximum = 25
2. Application
Building with Sensible Load
HIGH
Should the temperature drop be closer
to 15 or 25?
2. Application
Building with Latent Load
HIGH
Should the temperature drop be closer
to 15 or 25?
3. Cooling
Temperature Splits
(temperature drops)
Outdoor DB
Indoor WB oF 59 63 67
Indoor DB 75oF 22 19 15
85oF
95oF
59 63 67
63 67 71 63 67 71
21 18 15
17 14 11 17 13 10
23 20 17
20 17 13 19 16 13
24 22 19
21 18 15 21 17 14
105oF
115oF
A17
APPLICATION 2
MIXTURE TEMPERATURES
Mix outdoor air (OA) with Return Air (RA)
THEN
The Mixture Air (MA)
passes over the coil
QUESTION: What should be the

temperature of the mixed air?
Problem
Outdoor Ambient Temperature = 95 DB
Return Air Temperature = 78 DB
Required to have:
25% OA
75% RA
Two Methods
1. Formula
2. Psychrometric Chart
Formula
TEMPMA = (%OA x TEMPOA) + (%RA x TEMPRA)
TEMPMA = (.25 x 95) + (.75 x 78) TEMPMA = 23.75 + 58.5
TEMPMA = 82.25oF
Psychrometric Chart
1. Plot the following two points on the chart. OUTDOOR AIR 95DB, 83WB RETURN AIR 78DB, 65WB
2. Draw a line between the two points. 3. Locate a point approximately 25% from the condition which has the
MOST air. Use the SWAG method.

4. That will be the mixed air
temperature.
Question:
What if you want to check the
%OA on an existing job?
Problem
Outdoor Ambient Temperature = 95 DB
Return Air Temperature = 78 DB
Mixed Air Temperature = 82.25 DB
Formula
TMA - TRA %OA = ----------------TOA - TRA
TMA - TRA %OA = ----------------TOA - TRA
82.25 - 78 = ----------------- = .25 or 25% 95 - 78

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WARNING

metrics meaning measure of

PLUS Water Vapor

5. Relationship between Specific Volume and Specific Density

5. Relationship between Specific Volume and Specific Density

dry air, we would use the sensible

Sensible Heat Formula

Sensible Heat + Latent Heat

the term used to indicate the

total heat content

10. Total Heat Formula

latent heat AND it is useful to

Total Heat Formula

11. Relative Humidity

the amount it can hold at

12. Specific Humidity

moisture per pound of dry air.

7,000 grains of moisture in

one pound of water.

13. Dew Point

And now to the

Construction of the Chart

Cooling and Dehumidification

1. SENSIBLE HEAT PROCESS

Determine: grains ________(specific humidity)

SENSIBLE HEAT PROCESS

Determine: grains ___42___(specific humidity)

SENSIBLE HEAT PROCESS

Determine: grains ___42___(specific humidity)

dew point ________ F

SENSIBLE HEAT PROCESS

Determine: grains ___42___(specific humidity)

dew point ___44___ F

SENSIBLE HEAT PROCESS

Determine: grains ___42___(specific humidity)

dew point ___44___ F

SENSIBLE HEAT PROCESS

Determine: grains ___42___(specific humidity)

dew point ___44___ F

SENSIBLE HEAT PROCESS

Determine: grains ___42___(specific humidity)

dew point ___44___ F

SENSIBLE HEAT PROCESS

Determine: grains ___42___(specific humidity)

dew point ___44___ F

SENSIBLE HEAT PROCESS

Determine: grains ___42___(specific humidity)

dew point ___44___ F

specific volume ________Ft3/lb.

SENSIBLE HEAT PROCESS

Determine: grains ___42___(specific humidity)

dew point ___44___ F

specific volume __13.45__Ft3/lb.

SENSIBLE HEAT PROCESS

Determine: grains ___42___(specific humidity)

dew point ___44___ F

specific volume __13.45__Ft3/lb.

SENSIBLE HEAT PROCESS

Determine: grains ___42___(specific humidity)

dew point ___44___ F

specific volume __13.45__Ft3/lb.

SENSIBLE HEAT PROCESS

Determine: grains _______(specific humidity)

Determine: grains _42_(specific humidity)

Determine: grains _42_(specific humidity)

Determine: grains _42_(specific humidity)

dew point _44_ F

Determine: grains _42_(specific humidity)

dew point _44_ F

Determine: grains _42_(specific humidity)

dew point _44_ F

Determine: grains _42_(specific humidity)

dew point _44_ F

Determine: grains _42_(specific humidity)

dew point _44_ F

Determine: grains _42_(specific humidity)

dew point _44_ F

Determine: grains _42_(specific humidity)

dew point _44_ F

specific volume 13.45Ft3/lb.

Determine: grains _42_(specific humidity)

dew point _44_ F

specific volume 13.45Ft3/lb.

Determine: grains _42_(specific humidity)

dew point _44_ F

specific volume 13.45Ft3/lb.

Determine: grains 42(specific humidity)

Determine: grains 42(specific humidity) dew point ______oF

Determine: grains 42(specific humidity) dew point 44oF

Determine: grains 42(specific humidity) dew point 44oF

Determine: grains 42(specific humidity) dew point 44oF

Determine: grains 42(specific humidity) dew point 44oF

Determine: grains 42(specific humidity) dew point 44oF

Determine: grains 42(specific humidity) dew point 44oF

Determine: grains 42(specific humidity) dew point 44oF

Determine: grains 42(specific humidity) dew point 44oF

Determine: grains 42(specific humidity) dew point 44oF

specific density .071lbs/ft3

Determine: grains 42(specific humidity) dew point 44oF

specific density .071lbs/ft3

Determine: grains 42(specific humidity) dew point 44oF

specific density .071lbs/ft3

Determine: grains 61_(specific humidity)

Determine: grains 61_(specific humidity)

Determine: grains 61_(specific humidity)

dew point 53.5 F

Determine: grains 61_(specific humidity)

dew point 53.5 F

Determine: grains 61_(specific humidity)

dew point 53.5 F

Determine: grains 61_(specific humidity)

dew point 53.5 F

Determine: grains 61_(specific humidity)

dew point 53.5 F

Determine: grains 61_(specific humidity)

dew point 53.5 F

Determine: grains 61_(specific humidity)

dew point 53.5 F

specific volume 13.78 Ft3/lb.

Determine: grains 61_(specific humidity)

dew point 53.5 F

specific volume 13.78 Ft3/lb.

Determine: grains 61_(specific humidity)

dew point 53.5 F

specific volume 13.78 Ft3/lb.