THIRD EDITION

HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY
AN INTEGRATED APPROACH Dee Unglaub Silverthorn, Ph.D.

Chapter 20, part B

Integrative Physiology II: Fluid and Electrolyte Balance

PowerPoint Lecture Slide Presentation by Dr. Howard D. Booth, Professor of Biology, Eastern Michigan University
Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Sodium Recycling: Recycling and Excretion

Ascending loop of Henle
H2O impermeable Na+ Active Transport

To ECF
Gradient

Diffuses to blood
Collecting Duct: Aldosterone regulates

Na+ recycled or excreted

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Mechanism of Na+ Selective Reabsorption in Collecting Duct

Aldosterone: steroid H from adrenal cortex Stimulates Na+ uptake (& K+ secretion)

channel synthesis

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Mechanism of Na+ Selective Reabsorption in Collecting Duct

Figure 20-12: Aldosterone action in principal cells

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Angiotensin Pathway: Maintains BP , Volume & Osmolarity Angiotensinogen, ANGI, ANG II, rennin, & ACE

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Figure 20-13: The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone pathway

Artial Natruretic Peptide: Regulates Na+ & H2O Excretion

Hormone from myocardial cells

Stimulates: hypothalamus, kidney, adrenal, & medulla

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Artial Natruretic Peptide: Regulates Na+ & H2O Excretion

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 20-15: Atrial natriuretic peptide

Potassium Balance: Critical for Excitable Heart & Nervous Tissues

Hypokalemia low [K+] in ECF, Hyperkalemia high [K+]

Reabsorbed in Ascending Loop, secreted in Collecting duct

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Potassium Balance: Critical for Excitable Heart & Nervous Tissues

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 20-4: Osmolarity changes as fluid flows through the nephron

Potassium Balance: Critical for Excitable Heart & Nervous Tissues

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 20-12: Aldosterone action in principal cells

Response to Dehydration & Osmolarity Imbalance

Thirst & "salt craving", or avoidance behavior

Integrated circulatory & excretory reflexes

PLAY

Animation: Fluids & Electrolytes: Water Homeostasis

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Response to Dehydration & Osmolarity Imbalance

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Figure 20-17 : Homeostatic compensation for severe dehydration

Acid/Base Homeostasis: Overview

Acidosis: plasma pH

Protein damage
CNS depression Alkalosis: plasma pH Hyperexcitability CNS & heart

Buffers: HCO3- & proteins

H+ input: diet & metabolic H+ output: lungs & kidney
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Acid/Base Homeostasis: Overview

PLAY

Animation: Fluids & Electrolytes: Acid/Base Homeostasis

Figure 20-18: Hydrogen balance in the body

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Kidney Hydrogen Ion Balancing: Proximal Tubule

H+ & NH4+ secreted into lumen and excreted HCO3- is reabsorbed

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Kidney Hydrogen Ion Balancing: Proximal Tubule

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 20-21: Proximal tubule secretion and reabsorption of filtered HCO3-

Kidney Hydrogen Ion Balancing: Collecting Duct

Type A Intercalated cells excrete H+ absorb HCO3 Type B intercalated cells absorb H+ secrete HCO3-

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Kidney Hydrogen Ion Balancing: Collecting Duct

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 20-22: Role of the intercalated cell in acidosis and alkalosis

Summary
Electrolyte balance depends on integration of circulatory, excretory and behavioral physiology

Water recycling and ECF/plasma balance depends on descending loop of Henle and vasopressin regulated collecting duct for conservation Osmolarity depends on aldosterone and angiotensin pathway to regulate CNS & endocrine responses Along with respiration, proximal tubule and collecting duct cells reabsorb or excrete H+ & HCO3- to balance pH
Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings