Part 2

EUKARYOTIC MICROBES
ALGAE
Photosynthetic eukaryotes
Some algal cells have pellicle, a stigma and
flagella
Sizes range from tiny, unicellular, microscopic to
large and multicellular.
Found in freshwater, salt water, in wet soil or wet
rocks.
Most are photoautotroph
• Vaucheria (B) Diatom (C)Navicula (D) Oocystis (E) Scenedesmus
(F)Spirogyra (G) Nostoc (H)Oscillatoria
 Phylum Bacillariophyta
Diatoms
Microscopic, unicellular,
live in both freshwater
and salt water
Cell walls contain SiO2
Chlorophyll a and c,
carotene, xanthophylls
Attractive, geometric
and varied appearance
 Phylum Dinoflagellata
Dinoflagellates
Microscopic, unicellular,
flagellated and often
photosynthetic
Chlorophyll a and c,
carotene, xanthins
Neurotoxins cause
paralytic shellfish
poisoning
Red Dinoflagellate
 Phylum Chlorophyta
Green algae
Cellulose cell walls
Unicellular or
multicellular
Chlorophyll a and b
Store glucose
polymer
Gave rise to plants Spirogyra
Characteristics
Spirogyra- filamentous alga
Chlamydomonas- unicellular, biflagellated, one
chlorophyll and stigma
Volvox- multicellular alga, biflagellated cells
arranged to form a sphere
Desmids- unicellular, resembles a banana
Chlamydomonas Volvox

Desmid
 Phylum Phaeophyta
Brown algae
Cellulose + alginic acid
cell walls
Multicellular
Few are microscopic
Chlorophyll a and c,
xanthophylls
Store carbohydrates
Harvested for algin
Alginin
Alginate absorbs water quickly, which makes it
useful as an additive in dehydrated products
such as slimming aids, and in the manufacture of
paper and textiles.
It is also used for waterproofing and fireproofing
fabrics, as a gelling agent, for thickening drinks,
ice cream and cosmetics, and as a detoxifier that
can absorb poisonous metals from the blood.
 Sargassum

Giant Kelp
 Phylum Rhodophyta
Red algae
Cellulose cell walls
Most multicellular
Chlorophyll a and d,
phycobiliproteins
Store glucose polymer
Harvested for agar and
carrageenan
Agar Carrageenan
Agar is used to make Carrageenan sed in the
jellies, puddings and food and other industries
custards. as thickening and
Used throughout the stabilizing agents.
world to provide a solid Desserts, ice cream, milk
surface containing shakes, sweetened
medium for the growth of condensed milks, sauces.
bacteria and fungi. Pharmaceuticals — used
Used for electrophoretic as an inactive excipient in
separation in agarose gel pills/tablets
electrophoresis
Porphyra Gibsmithia
 Phylum Chrysophyta
Golden algae
Some colorless, but the
vast majority are
photosynthetic
Important in lakes
Facultatively
heterotrophic
Chlorophyll c,
carotenoids and
Synura
xanthophylls
Licmophora Aulacoseira
 Phylum Euglenophyta
Euglenoids
Possessed both algae and
protozoan characteristics
Contain stigma and
flagellum
Chlorophyll a as the primary
photosynthetic pigment and
chlorophyll b and
carotenoids
Remaining two-thirds are
either facultatively or, like
animals, fully heterotrophic

Euglena acus
Strombomonas Phacus elegans
 Medical Significance
Prototheca – causes protothecosis, lives on
soil. Can enter wounds on feet
Small subcutaneous lesion to crusty, warty-
looking lesion. Debilitating or fatal if enters the
lymphatic system
Phycotoxins – secretion, poisonous to humans
fish and other animals
Typical pond water ALGAE and PROTOZOA

A.Amoeba sp.
B.Euglena sp.
C.Stentor sp.
D.Vorticella sp.
E.Volvox sp.
F.Paramecium sp.
PROTOZOA
Eukaryotic, unicellular, animal-like, and motile
Feeding state is a trophozoite
Some produce cysts (dormant stage)
Asexual reproduction by fission, budding, or
schizogony
Sexual reproduction by conjugation
No cell walls, pellicle serves for protection
Contractile vacuole (in Amoeba and
Paramecium), pumps out water
Some are parasites, break down and absorb
host nutrients
Pathogens – (malaria, giardiasis, African
Sleeping sickness and amebic dysentery
Symbiotic relationship (in termites)
 Ciliates

Move by cilia
Complex cells
Balantidium coli is
the only human
parasite
Vorticella
Paramecium
 Amoebae

Move by pseudopods,
Phagocytosis
Like WBCs
Entamoeba – dysentery
and extraintestinal
abscesses
Acanthamoeba- eye
infection
Entamoeba Acanthamoeba
 Flagellates

Multiple flagella
Giardia lamblia
Trichomonas
vaginalis (no cyst
stage)
Trypanosoma Euglena
 Sporozoa
No pseudopodia,
flagella or cilia
Non-motile
Plasmodium ssp.-
causes malaria
Cryptosporidium
parvum-
cryptosporodiosis Plasmodium vivax
Plasmodium falciparum Cryptosporidium parvum
FUNGI
Eukaryotic, Kingdom Fungi
Aerobic or facultatively anaerobic, found almost
everywhere
Some are Saprophytic, others Parasitic
Most are decomposers (organic matter/ leather
and plastics, spoilage of jams, pickles, etc.)
some beneficial (prod’n cheese, wine, drugs:
cyclosporine & penicillin)
Mycology is the study of fungi
 Economic Effects of Fungi
Fungi Positive Effects Negative Effects
Saccharomyces Bread, wine, beer Food spoilage

Trichoderma Cellulose used for juices Cryphonectria

and fabric parasitica (chestnut
blight)
Taxomyces Taxol production Ceratocystis ulm
(Dutch elm
disease)
Entomorphaga Gypsy moth control
Decomposers Versus Saprophyte
Decomposers- breaks material down
Saprophyte (saprobe)- absorbs nutrients from
dead and decaying organic matter
All saprophytes are decomposers.
Not all decomposers are saprophytes.
Parasite obtain nutrients from living organisms.
Saprophytes obtain nutrients from dead
organisms.
Characteristics
No chlorophyll
Cell wall contain chitin
Many are unicellular (yeast)
Others grow as filaments called hyphae, which
intertwine to form a mass called mycelia
(thallus).
Some fungi have septate hyphae
Others have aseptate hyphae, which contains
multinucleated cytoplasm (coenocytic).
Microscopic appearance of various Fungi

A. Aspergillus fumigatus
B. Aspergillus flavus
C. Penicillium sp.
D. Curvularia sp.
E. Scopulariopsis sp.
F. Histoplasma capsulatum
Reproduction
Budding, hyphal extension or formation of
spores.
Fungal spores: sexual and asexual spores
Sexual spores- fusion of two gametes
(ascospores, basidiospores, zygospores)
Asexual spores- not formed by fusion (conidia)
Some species can produce both sexual and
asexual spores
Fungal spores are very resistant.
Fungal Life Cycle/ Reproduction
Conidiospores/ Conidia

Coccidioides immitis

Aspergillus flavus

Candida albicans
Classification
Divided into five phyla
Based on their mode of reproduction
Lower fungi- Zygomycotina and
Chytridiomycotina
Higher fungi- Ascomycotina and
Basisiomycotina
Fungi Imperfecti- Deuteromycotina
Classification According to Sexual Reproduction

Lower fungi

Higher fungi

Fungi Imperfecti
Yeast
Unicellular fungi
Fission yeasts divide
symmetrically
Budding yeasts
divide asymmetrically
Pseudohypha- string
of elongated buds
Chlamydosphores-
thick-walled spore-like
 Yeasts

Left:Longitudinal sect. of a budding yeast; Right: Candida albicans

A. Chlamydospores, B. Pseudohyphae, C.budding yeast cells Blastospores
Candida albicans Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Colonies of Candida albicans on blood agar
plate
Molds
The fungi seen in
water & food
Fungal thallus
consists of hyphae; a
mass of hyphae is a
mycelium.
The Great Potato Famine
Phytophthora infestans
– potato blight mold in
Ireland
Killed Ireland’s potato
crops in 1845, 1846 and
1848.
More than 1 million died
of starvation
Antoine de Bary-
proved that fungus
caused the blight
Importance of Molds
Antibiotics from Penicillium and Cephalosporium.
Many additional antibiotics discovered by isolating
molds that inhibit bacteria.
Antibiotics can be chemically altered to increase
spectrum of activity ex.: Synthetic penicillins: ampicillin,
amoxicillin, & barbenicillin
Some for production of large quantities of enzymes
(amylase, citric acid, organic acids)
Molds provide flavor in diff. types of cheeses (,
camembert, limburger).
Fleshy Fungi
Large fungi
Mushroom, toadstools,
puffballs and bracket
fungi
Many mushrooms are
edible, but some are
extremely toxic and may
cause permanent liver
and brain damage or
death if ingested Amanita muscaria
Mushroom Toadstools

Puffballs Bracket fungi

 Fungal Infections (Mycoses)

Superficial mycoses Outermost areas (skin)

Cutaneous mycoses Living layer of the skin
Opportunistic mycoses Caused by normal
microbiota or fungi that
are normally
nonpathogenic
Subcutaneous mycoses Beneath the skin
Systemic mycoses Deep within body
Tinea pedis Oral thrush
Dimorphic Fungi
Pathogenic dimorphic
fungi are yeastlike at
37°C and moldlike at
25°C
Histoplasma capsulatum
(histoplasmosis)
Sporothrix schenckii
(sporotrichosis)
Coccidioides immitis
(coccidiomycosis)
Blastomyces dermatitidis
(blastomycosis) Mycetomas
Teleomorphs and Anamorphs
Teleomorphic fungi:
Produce sexual and asexual spores.
Anamorphic fungi:
Produce asexual spores only.
rRNA sequencing places most in Ascomycota, a few are
Basidiomycota
Penicillium
Stachybotrys, Coccidioides, Pneumocystis (systemic
mycoses)
Candida albicans (Cutaneous mycoses)
Lichens
Mutualistic combination of an alga (or
cyanobacterium) & fungus – Symbiotic
Alga produces and secretes carbohydrates,
fungus provides holdfast
Found in various colors, black, brown, orange,
various shades of green, depending on
combination of alga and fungus
Classified as protists
Fungus+Alga = Lichens
Slime Molds
Found in soil, rotting logs
Have both fungal and protozoal chars. &
interesting life cycles
Start out in life as independent amoebae
Slug- motile, multicellular form
Slug becomes a fruiting body (stalk and spore
cap)
From each spores emerges and amoeba
Slime Molds
Cellular slime molds Plasmodial slime molds
Resemble amoebas, • Multinucleated large
ingest bacteria by cells
phagocytosis • Cytoplasm separates
Cells aggregate into into stalked sporangia
stalked fruiting body. • Nuclei undergo
Some cells become meiosis and form
spores uninucleated haploid
spores
Cellular Slime Mold
Plasmodial Slime Mold
Plasmodial Slime Mold- Fuligo septica
Lycogala epidendrum Hemitrichia calyculata

Arcyria cinerea Metatrichia vesparium

Quiz next meeting!!