RIBOSOME & RETICULUM ENDOPLASMIC

By: Kamel

RIBOSOM

Processing of pre rRNA

Ribosome Assembly

Prokariotik

Eukariotik

ENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEM

THE SECRETORY PATHWAY

Overview of Protein Sorting

Contranslational

Posttranslational

Nucleus:

Nuclear localization signal

Mitochondria

Peroxisome

Types of Integral Membrane

Type I

Type II

both Signal-anchor sequence that functions as both an ER signal sequence and membraneanchor sequence.

Type III
The signal-anchor sequence, which is located near the N-terminus, inserts the nascent chain into the ER membrane with its N-terminus facing the lumen

Type IV

Protein Modifications, Folding, and Quality Control in The RE

1. Glycosylation 2. Formation of disulfide bonds in the ER 3. Proper folding of polypeptide chains and assembly of multisubunit proteins in the ER

Glycosylation
The addition of carbohydrate side chain to specific amino acid residues of protein N- linked glycosylation: oligosaccharidaasparagin O- linked glycosylation: serine/ threonine

 three glucose (Glc), nine mannose (Man), two Nacetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) molecules, which can be written as Glc3Man9(GlcNAc)2

Formation of disulfide bonds in the ER

disulfide bonds (SS) help stabilize the tertiary and quaternary structure of many proteins. In eukaryotic cells, disulfide bonds are formed only in the lumen of the rough ER Thus disulfide bonds are found only in secretory proteins The efficient formation of disulfide bonds in the lumen of the ER depends on the enzyme protein disulfide isomerase (PDI), which is present in all eukaryotic cells.

Proteolytic Processing

Control in RE

Smooth RE & Lipid Synthesis

Colesterol

Carbohydrate Metabolism
Glykogen Glucose Glucose 6 phosphate glucose Enzym: glycogen phosphorylase

 The cytochrome P450 enzyme system detoxifies many foreign compounds the body encounters. However, P450 activity can also make some compounds more toxic or mutagenic (for example, some cigarette smoke compounds). To function, the P450 enzymes require electrons to be provided by another protein, typically CPR. We are investigating the genetics and developmental biology of CPR using the Drosophila model system. CPR is encoded by a single gene in both humans and flies. The figure depicts the extremely pleiotropic nature of CPR, which supplies electrons to scores of P450 isoforms. Each P450 may in turn process many different substrates.