LEARNING OUTCOMES

• To state the necessity for cell

specialisation in multicellular organisms
as compared to unicellular organisms
• To describe cell specialisation in
multicellular organisms
• To describe cell organisation in the
formation of tissues, organs & systems
in multicellular organisms.
CELL ORGANISATION
• Organisms are divided into 2 : unicellular
organisms & multicellular organisms
• Unicellular organisms :- single-cell organisms
such as Amoeba sp. & Paramecium sp.
• Each cell is able to carry out all the functions of
life independently.
• Multicellular organisms :- larger organisms
with more than one cell
• Need many different types of cells to carry out all
the different functions of life
• Each cell has to change in shape & form during
cell specialisation to become specific cells in
order to perform different functions
 UNICELLULAR
ORGANISMS
• Simple organisms
consisting of only
one cell each
• Able to carry out all
living processes in
order to survive
• Examples : Amoeba
and Paramecium
(protozoa)
Membrane : respiration – Cytoplasm : clear on the
gaseous exchange by simple outside (ectoplasm) &
diffusion. CO2 & any dissolved grainy on the inside
diffuses out into the water (endoplasm)

Contractile vacuole :
water continually
enters by osmosis.
Contractile vacuole
swells up  full 
expels the water from
the cell =
osmoregulation
 Live in water, including water in the
Amoeba sp. soil.Have no fixed shape.
Movement : form a pseudopodium
(‘false-foot’) – extension of cytoplasm.
Reproduction : Binary fission – when
it has grown to certain size, its nucleus
divides to form two daughter nuclei
then the cytoplasm divides and two
daughter Amoeba are formed. Under
adverse conditions such as during a
drought, its divides by spore formation.
Feeding : phagocytosis –
pseudopodium moves round a food
particle and takes it into its cytoplasm
where it forms a food vacuole.
Enzymes are added to digest the food.
Any waste is left behind as it moves
away.

Membrane : respiration –
gaseous exchange by simple
diffusion. CO2 & any dissolved
diffuses out into the water
Contractile vacuole :
water continually
enters by osmosis.
Contractile vacuole
swells up  full 
moves to the side of
the membrane 
expels the water from
the cell =
osmoregulation.
Alternate.
Cilia : tiny hairs
that cover the
whole surface
Oral groove : leads
food to gullet
Lives in stagnant water containing Paramecium
decaying plant material. Have fixed
shape, like a slipper. sp.
Movement : rhythmic beating of the
water by the cilia (rows of tiny hair)
propels the Paramecium along. If it
encounters to an obstacle, it stops,
backs up, turn 30o then moves off.
(Avoiding reaction)
Feeding : the cilia around the oral
groove brush the food down to the
gullet. A food vacuole formed.
Enzymes are added to digest it and
the nutrient diffuse into the food
cytoplasm. Waste is released through
a weak spot in the membrane called
the anal pore.
REPRODUCTIO •Through binary fission.

N •Also can reproduce sexually by

conjugation.
• Two individual come together and
exchange parts of their nuclei. They
then separate and each can later
divides to give four new cells.
MULTICELLULAR
ORGANISM
MULTICELLULAR ORGANISM

cell specialisationcell
organisation
Human
 CELL SPECIALISATION
DIFFERENTIATION

specific function.division of labour

CELL
 Examples of animal cell
Muscle cells

Red blood cells

Sperm cells

Nerve cells
Examples of plant cells
Guard
cell
 TISSUES
• A group of similar cells that work together
to perform a specific function
• Four main types of animal tissues :
epithelial tissues, nervous tissues, muscle
tissues & connective tissues.
Mnemonic (EN.MyC)
• The four main types of plant tissues :
epidermis tissue, meristem tissue,
vascular tissue & ground tissue
MNEMONIC  EM..VideoGames!
 Types of animal Characteristics Functions
cell
Epithelial tissues •Consist of epithelial •Cover the body
cells arranged in a surface or line the
continuous layer cavities within the body
•Protect the underlying
cells from mechanical
injuries
•Absorb food and water
by diffusion
•Form secretory gland

Nervous tissues •Consist of nerve cells •Send & receive

called neuron impulses to coordinate
•Found in brain and the activities of the
spinal cord body
Muscle tissues •Consisting of muscle •Cause body
cells which can movement by means
contract to perform of contraction
work
•3 types : smooth
muscle, skeletal
muscle & cardiac
muscle

Connective tissues •Consist of elastic & •Join together body

non-elastic fibre structures, as well as
•Blood, adipose protect, hold and
tissues, cartilage & support the cell in the
bone. body
•Can store & transport
material
Types of plant Characteristic Functions
tissues
Epidermis •Consisting of one •Covers the entire surface of the
tissue layer of cells plant
•Examples : •Protect underlying tissues from
epidermis of physical damage & infection
leaves, stems & •Reduces water loss
roots •Epidermal cells of leaf
differentiate to become guard
cells while those at the root,
become root hair cells.
Meristem tissue •Consists if •Produces new cells by cell
undifferentiated division
cells which are
able to divide
•Occurs at the tip
of roots & shoots
& in the cambium
of stems & roots
Vascular tissue •Consists of xylem •Transport water & mineral salts
tissues & phloem from roots to the stems & leaves
tissues by xylem tissues
•Transport dissolved nutrients
such as glucose from the leaves
to the roots & stems by phloem
tissues
•Xylems tissues provide support
to the plants
Ground tissue •Consists of •Produces food by photosynthesis
parenchyma & stores food produced
mesophyll tissues, •Provides support & strengthens
collenchyma & the plant
sclerenchyma
tissues
 ORGANS
• A group of different tissues that work
together to perform a specific function
• Examples of organs in animal: heart,
kidneys, lungs, skin & stomach.
• Examples of organs in plant : leaves,
stems, roots & flowers.
• Certain organ perform more than one
function.
 SYSTEMS
• Several organs which work together to
carry out a specific function
• The human body has twelve different
systems
• All the system work together to form an
organism
• Flowering plant has two main systems :
root system, shoot system
 MAJOR SYSTEMS IN HUMANS

• Integumentary • Muscular
• Circulatory • Excretory
• Endocrine • Skeletal
• Lymphatic • Respiratory
• Reproductive
• Nervous
• Digestive
THE INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT
OF MULTICELLULAR ORGANISM
 THE INTERNAL
ENVIRONMENT OF
MULTICELLULAR ORGANISM
the maintenance of the internal
environment of a living organism at a
constant normal level or between
narrow limits
 ENVIRONMENT of
MULTICELLULAR
ORGANISM

FLUID
STABLE INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT
FACTORS AFFECTING THE
INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT
NEGATIVE FEEDBACK
MECHANISMS
• Body temperature
MNEMONICS  Cu, Mau Ikut Nenek Enggak?
• Blood glucose level
MNEMONIC Dahi Engkau Cantik!
• Blood pH
MNEMONIC  Roti Canai Enak
• Concentration of oxygen & carbon dioxide in the
blood
MNEMONIC  RaCuN
• Osmotic pressure of blood
MNEMONIC  ENCEk
 BODY
TEMPERATURE

 Ooo…sleeping in Biology
class ek?
So stubborn la.
Let me ‘teach’ U first before
Mr. FAZLI become angry!!!
Waa….mama!
Help me…. I don’t
want to fall asleep
in the class
anymore!!!
I SWEAR!!!