1

12

12

12

670

V = V - V

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

720

i
:

360

135792468

14
11051494138
312721161

651
:

1.
2.
3.
4.

78/
24/
2200
23002400


651

1.

2.

3.

4.

(1)

(2)

1.

2.

3.

1.5-2
500

(3)
13-15%

1.

2.

3.


(1)

(2)

(1)
1

180
4V
3
31203
6V
4
41804
44

(2)

670

(3)

()()

(4)

-0.0020.003,
0.005

)
1.6mm,

(
)

1/2

: ,

2-19

(1)

()

(2)

(1)

(2)

(1)

(2)

(3)

PRT

180

1545

, ,

: 4080
;

pVw
ms
RT

1
2

m
v
ms

0.71.2

pVw
m msv v
RT

m2 v 2 ms 2
T2 T1
T1

m1 v1ms1
T1 T2
T2


(1)
(2)

180

Pv C
n


(1)
(2)

1015

m f L0

0.80.9

1.30.4

0.6
1.1
1.1; 0.6

0.80.9


(1)
(2)

1015

2035

1015

10-15

10-15

10-15


1.1

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)

(1)
(2)

;

;
;

8.5

180


(1)
(2)

180

5080

: 2040
;

40
80


(1)
(2)


180

180

360

360

1
2
3
4
5
ebad
c
1-e-d-2
d-2-3-b
3-b-c
b-c-4-d
4-d-e-5

0.80.9;

0.85

10
15

,
,

,
5060

N K2Gn2
k2G
n

Ne

; Ne = Ni - Nf

;
Ne = Ni - Nf Nc

,
,

(1)
(2)

0.85

0.91.0

0.70.8

()

515

90%

96.6%

5060
3040

(1)
(2)

(1)
(2)