Small Signal Stability Introduction For the Learning Project No.

2
Presented By:

Debra Dai

05 Jan 2013 Restricted

Power System Stability

Angle Stability

Frequency Stability

Voltage Stability

Small Signal Stability

Transient Stability

Large Disturbance Voltage Stability

Small Disturbance Voltage Stability

Short Term

Long Term

Long Term

Short Term

Concept
Angle Stability
It is defined as the capability of the synchronous generators in the system to maintain its synchronism after being subjected to a disturbance.

Small-disturbance Angle Stability

Small-disturbance (or small signal) angle stability is concerned with the ability of the power system to maintain synchronism under small disturbance.

Reference : Plant Scheduling and Load Allocation Rules CLP-HEC Interconnection Operating Practices

Concept (cont)
Short-term angle stability
Short-term angle stability is characterized by dynamic components such as excitation of synchronous generators, controllers, such as AVR and PSS, electronically controlled devices such as HVDC and induction motors . The time scale of short-term is ~20 second following a disturbance. The time frame of interest in small-signal stability studies is on the order of 10- 20 seconds following a disturbance.

Reference : Plant Scheduling and Load Allocation Rules CLP-HEC Interconnection Operating Practices

Why need Small Signal Stability Analysis

System operators need to know the exact situation after the system suffers a disturbance. Post-contingency operating point usually has smaller security margin compared to the initial operation point. smallsignal
V V
Contingency stability boundary

maximum power flow boundary

VSM

P
Reference : Plant Scheduling and Load Allocation Rules CLP-HEC Interconnection Operating Practices

Why need Small Signal Stability Analysis (cont)

1
|V1|=1.0 pu P1= 1.0 pu Z=1.0 p.u.

2
u.

V2=0.995+j0 pu

Z= 0. 5

3-bus test system dynamic data: Bus H xd xd1 xq 1 3.2 2.5 0.39 2.1 Excitation system of typeDC1A

0. Z= 5 u. p.

PL+jQL=1.0+j0.3 pu

p.

xq1 2.1

Td1 9.6

Tq1 0

Damp 0

Reference : Plant Scheduling and Load Allocation Rules CLP-HEC Interconnection Operating Practices

Why need Small Signal Stability Analysis

1.0 Hopf Bifurcation Boundary Load Flow Boundary Initial Operating Point

.8

.6

Q p.u.
.4

.2

0.0 0.0 .5

P ( p.u.)

1.0

1.5

2.0

Reference : Plant Scheduling and Load Allocation Rules CLP-HEC Interconnection Operating Practices

The Analysis Method

The disturbance is so small that the power system can be linearized around an operating point and the analysis is typically based on eigenvalue and eigenvector techniques.

Reference : Plant Scheduling and Load Allocation Rules CLP-HEC Interconnection Operating Practices

System DAE Model and State Matrix

turbine

Pm potential transformer
OUTPUT

governor system
+ -

fspec voltage V t reactive power Q active power Pe frequency f rotor speed W

G
Vref
+ -

excitation system

Efd power system stabilizer

Epss

Reference : Plant Scheduling and Load Allocation Rules CLP-HEC Interconnection Operating Practices

System DAE Model and State Matrix (cont)

Models of system: synchronous controllers and/or induction motors

generators;

excitation

systems,

State variables: rotor angle; rotor speed; d-axis transient voltage; q-axis transient voltage; the scaled field voltage and so on
Algebraic variables: voltages amplitude and phase

Reference : Plant Scheduling and Load Allocation Rules CLP-HEC Interconnection Operating Practices

Eigenvalue and Stability

Interarea oscillation: 0.2~ 0.8 Hz

Iocal oscillation: 0.8~ 1.2 Hz

Eigenvalue and Stability (cont)

1.9
local mode Mode 4

1.6
Control modes

Frequency (Hz)

Iocal mode

1.3
Mode 1

0.95 0.64 0.32 0 -7

Mode 2 Damping ratio 0.05 Interarea mode Control modes

-6

-5

-4

-3

-2

-1

real (1/s)

Modal Analysis

Modal Analysis (cont)

Modal Analysis (cont)

Modal Analysis (cont)

Modal Analysis (cont)

West-east

East-West South-North

North-south

South-Rio Grande valley

From-Houston

Rio Grande valley-south

Modal Analysis (cont)

SSAT
Mode Shape
Real = 0.0073 1/s Imaginary = 3.6442 rad/s Frequency = 0.5800 Hz Damping = -0.20 % Case: critctgscan.ssa Scenario: 2004 pk southnorth Contingency: No fault Dominant State: 8161 : CLO #1 24.0 : 0 : : 1 : GENROU : : Psi_fd Mode Shape Reference: 6677 : VALTNTP269.0 : 0 : : 1 : GENROU : : Speed

Monday, April 08, 2002, 10:11:43

1.00 0.96 0.93 0.91 0.91 0.90 0.90 0.89 0.87 0.78 0.69 0.57 0.57 0.56 0.56 0.56 0.56 0.54 0.50 0.50 -0.69 -0.69 -0.69 -0.69 -0.69 -0.70 -0.70 -0.70 -0.71 -0.71 -0.71 -0.71 -0.71 -0.73 -0.77 -0.77 -0.79 -0.79 -0.81 -0.81

6677 60000 6020 6637 60007 6634 60005 60003 38332 6017 6016 1045 1046 11022 11023 11024 11021 1008 11020 11025 8306 8442 8459 8981 8982 8048 8511 8928 8936 8937 8933 8934 8983 8517 8307 5935 8506 8507 8457 8456

: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :

VALTNTP269.0 ENR_NRP 34.5 ENR_SP 34.5 KM_NWP 34.5 KM_SWP 34.5 WDWRDU1 34.5 KM_SEP 34.5 KM_NEP 34.5 WDWRDU2 34.5 ORNNWP1 34.5 SWMESA 34.5 CALENG1G13.8 CALENG2G13.8 TIECT12G18.0 TIECT21G18.0 TIECT22G18.0 TIECT11G18.0 PB6 G18.0 TIE ST1G18.0 TIE ST2G18.0 LAP #5 13.8 NBY #7 22.0 DAV #1 24.0 HIDGN1 18.0 HIDGN2 18.0 FAL #1 13.8 STARCO#113.8 LGEGN#3 13.8 CALGN#1 16.0 CALGN#2 16.0 FGNTS00118.0 FGNTS10118.0 HIDGN3 18.0 CEL-B #113.8 LAP #7 13.8 SI RAY8 13.8 VAL #1 13.8 VAL #2 13.8 COSW#2 13.8 COSW#1 13.8

: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :

: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 6 1 1 5 7 1 1 2 1 1 3 1 2 1 2 3 1 7 8 1 2 2 1

: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :

GENROU GENROU GENROU GENROU GENROU GENROU GENROU GENROU GENROU GENROU GENROU GENROU GENROU GENROU GENROU GENROU GENROU GENROU GENROU GENROU GENROU GENROU GENROU GENROU GENROU GENSAL GENROU GENROU GENROU GENROU GENROU GENROU GENROU GENROU GENROU GENROU GENROU GENROU GENROU GENROU

: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :

: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :

Speed Speed Speed Speed Speed Speed Speed Speed Speed Speed Speed Speed Speed Speed Speed Speed Speed Speed Speed Speed Speed Speed Speed Speed Speed Speed Speed Speed Speed Speed Speed Speed Speed Speed Speed Speed Speed Speed Speed Speed

: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :

8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 8 8 8 8 8 13 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 15 8 8 8 8

[ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [

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critctgscan.bin Page 1 of 1

SSAT 1.2 Powertech Labs Inc. Copyright 2002 All rights reserved

Modal Analysis (cont)

SSAT
Mapped Mode Shapes
Real = 0.0073 1/s Imaginary = 3.6442 rad/s Frequency = 0.5800 Hz Damping = -0.20 % Case: critctgscan.ssa Scenario: 2004 pk southnorth Contingency: No fault Dominant State: 8161 : CLO #1 24.0 : 0 : : 1 : GENROU : : Psi_fd Mode Shape Reference: 6677 : VALTNTP269.0 : 0 : : 1 : GENROU : : Speed

Monday, April 08, 2002, 10:09:38

Unit With Positive Mode Shape Unit With Negative Mode Shape Note: Shading Indicates Magnitude.

critctgscan.bin

SSAT 1.2

Modal Analysis (cont)

PSS Enhance the Damping of the Systems (1)

PSS Enhance the Damping of the Systems (2)

In modern power systems, in order to make generators operate at the nominal voltage, AVR is implemented. As a consequence, the synchronizing torque is increased. But in the case of heavy load, AVR may introduce negative damping torque to the system. PSS is the most effective corrective measure to add damping to the system

Frequency Deviation and Tie-line Swing

More than one modes are in the connected system Oscillation is between HEC and GPG

Frequency Deviation and Tie-line Swing (cont)

CLP and HEC are in the same group CLP is not the dominant party in this event