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Ethical egoism
Maintains that we should always act selfishly
2/21/2013
Overview
Part One. Analyzing the psychological egoists claim Part Two. Reconceptualizing psychological egoism
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Part One.
Analyzing the psychological egoists claim
The psychological egoist claims that people always act selfishly or in their own self-interest. One of the earlier advocates of this view was Thomas Hobbes, who saw life as nasty, brutish, and short.
Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679)
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Folk psychology
There is a widespread belief that people are just out for themselves Social Darwinism: everyone is just trying to survive.
Social sciences
Economics: rational agent theory
Foreign policy
Belief that other nations will always act solely in terms of self-interest
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Psychological Egoism
What exactly does the psychological egoist maintain? Two possible interpretations:
#1: We act selfishly, or #2: We act in our self-interest
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Think of the actions of parents. Dont parents sometimes act for the sake of their children, even when it is against their narrow self-interest to do so?
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Psychological egoists, as we have seen in the preceding analysis, often confuse motives and consequences The fact that we may get something back as a result of a particular action does not entail that we did the action in order to get something back.
We may experience great rewards in love, but that doesnt mean we do it solely or even primarily in order to obtain those rewards.
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Further Ambiguities
Ambiguity #3: Are we causally determined to act this way or do we choose to do so?
If this is a causal claim, it is presumably about consequences. Yet this causal claim (that in fact people always act [solely] in ways that promote their self-interest) seems empirically false. If this is not a causal claim, then it implies that people freely choose to act this way. But how do we explain the counter-evidence of peoples claims about their own intentions and motivations?
Ambiguity #4: Is there really such a sharp division between selfinterest and the interests of others, especially the interests of those we love?
Psychological egoism is founded on an Enlightenment view of the autonomy self. In reality, this strict separation is misleading, as we will now see.
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Part Two.
Re-conceptualizing Psychological Egoism
Psychological egoism rests on ambiguities and false dichotomies, as we have seen. We need to re-conceptualize this area to understand what is true and what is false in psychological egoism.
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The premise is that an increase in egoism automatically results in a decrease in altruism, and vice versa.
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High Altruism
4
Low Egoism
1
High Egoism
3
Low Altruism
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Intentions
Strongly intended to help others
Consequences
High beneficial To others
4 3
1 2
4
Strongly intended to benefit self Highly harmful to self
1
2
Highly beneficial to self
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And that, for each of these two issues, each act can be ranked along two independent axes, concern/consequences for self and concern/consequences for other.
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Conclusion
Given the preceding grid for understand human behavior, we can see that psychological egoism gains its apparent plausibility by trading on ambiguities (selfishness vs. self-interest) and false dichotomies (self-interest vs. altruism). As we have seen, we can accept psychological egoism as a partial truth and see recognize that there is more to human behavior than selfishness.
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