Mr.

Suwash Chandra Acharya

Seeing the Whole

Managing Places

Patterns Linkages Trends

Watersheds Communities Neighborhoods Districts

Geographic Information System (GIS) is a computer-based system including software, hardware, people, and geographic information

GIS can:
information on the computer

create, edit, query, analyze, and display map

 Geographic Information

Most of data collected is associated with some location in space - attributes, or the characteristics (data), can be used to symbolize and provide further insight into a given location a seamless operation linking the information to the geography which requires hardware, networks, software, data, and operational procedures

System

 London

cholera epidemic 1854

Soho

+ Cholera death
Water pump

International organizations UN HABITAT, The World Bank, UNEP, FAO, WHO, etc. Private industry Transport, Real Estate etc. Government Ministries of Environment, Housing, Agriculture, etc. Local Authorities, Cities, Municipalities, etc. Provincial Agencies for Planning, Parks, Transportation, etc. Academic and Research Institutions

 The

possibilities are unlimited

Environmental impact assessment Resource management Land use planning

Tax Mapping
Water and Sanitation Mapping Transportation routing

and more ...

Urban Planning, Management & Policy

Civil Engineering/Utility

Environmental Sciences

Zoning, subdivision planning Land acquisition Economic development Code enforcement Housing renovation programs Emergency response Crime analysis Tax assessment Monitoring environmental risk Modeling stormwater runoff Management of watersheds, floodplains, wetlands, forests, aquifers Environmental Impact Analysis Hazardous or toxic facility siting Groundwater modeling and contamination tracking Redistricting Analysis of election results Predictive modeling

Business

Locating underground facilities Designing alignment for freeways, transit Coordination of infrastructure maintenance Demographic Analysis Market Penetration/ Share Analysis Site Selection Attendance Area Maintenance Enrollment Projections School Bus Routing

Education Administration

Real Estate

Health Care

Neighborhood land prices Traffic Impact Analysis Determination of Highest and Best Use Epidemiology Needs Analysis Service Inventory

Political Science

Computer Science/MIS
graphics visualization database system administration security

Application Area: GIS

public admin. planning geology mineral exploration forestry site selection marketing civil engineering criminal justice surveying

Geography and related:

cartography geodesy photogrammetry landforms spatial statistics.

The convergence of technological fields and traditional disciplines.

Administrative Boundaries
Utilities Zoning Buildings Parcels Hydrography Streets Digital Orthophoto

Data is organized by layers, coverages or themes (synonomous concepts), with each layer representing a common feature. Layers are integrated using explicit location on the earths surface, thus geographic location is the organizing principal.

roads longitude

hydrology longitude

topography longitude

Here we have three layers or themes: --roads, --hydrology (water), --topography (land elevation) They can be related because precise geographic coordinates are recorded for each theme.

roads longitude

Layers

are comprised of two data types

Spatial data which describes location (where) Attribute data specifing what, how much,when

hydrology longitude

Layers

may be represented in two ways:

in vector format as points and lines in raster(or image) format as pixels

topography longitude

Spatial data (where)

specifies location stored in a shape file, geodatabase or similar geographic file

Attribute (descriptive) data (what, how much, when)

specifies characteristics at that location, natural or human-

created stored in a data base table

GIS systems traditionally maintain spatial and attribute data separately, then join them for display or analysis

for example, in ArcView, the Attributes of table is used to link a shapefile (spatial structure) with a data base table containing attribute information in order to display the attribute data spatially on a map

Grid co-ordinate Latitude / Longitude

Placename

Postcode Description Distance & bearing

15

 Location

Description: Post Code: Grid Reference: Latitude/Longitude:

Kingston University,PenrhynRoad Centre KT1 2EE 518106.72 168530.37 0 21 55.38W, 49 36 17.62N

16

Geometry The shape of a building or county The course of a river, the route of a road The shape of the landscape, relief

17

 Topology

Connected to Within Adjacent to North of . . .

Within the Royal Borough of Kingston-upon-Thames Opposite the Surrey County Council building North of Surbiton station Adjacent to Penrhyn Road

18

Name : Address: Town: Owner: Tel. No: Floor space

Next 5 Market Place Kingston Ms J Shore 0181 547 1245 1300 sq m

19

Raster Model area is covered by grid with (usually) equal-sized, square cells attributes are recorded by assigning each cell a single value based on the majority feature (attribute) in the cell, such as land use type.

Vector Model The fundamental concept of vector GIS is that all geographic features in the real work can be represented either as: points or dots (nodes): trees, poles, fire plugs, airports, cities lines (arcs): streams, streets, sewers, areas (polygons): land parcels, cities, counties, forest, rock type

Concept of Vector and Raster

Real World

Raster Representation
0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 5 R R R R R R R R R R T T T T H 6 7 R T T H 8 9

Vector Representation

point
line

polygon

Raster

Vector

Real World

The need for GIS..

A. DATA VISUALISATION
Which one do you prefer: tabular data or map data? TABULAR DATA
State Johor Kedah Kelantan Melaka Population (1991) 2,074,297 1,304,800 1,181,680 504,502

MAP

B. LOCATION
10 EAST 11 12

SOUTH

1.

WHERE IS OBJECTP? ANSWER: P = 3Y SOUTH, 12X EAST

2.

WHAT CAN BE FOUND AT A CERTAIN LOCATION ? EXAMPLE: What can be found at 5y SOUTH, 11x EAST? ANSWER: Y

C. ATTRIBUTE QUESTION:
NO. 1 2 3 4 5
1.

AREA (HECTARE) 100,000 50,100 90,900 40,800 120,200

OWNER TALATU BRAUDO BRAUDO ANUNKU SILIMA

TAX CODE B A B A B

MINERAL QUALITY HIGH MEDIUM LOW LOW HIGH

ATRIBUTE EXPLANATION EXAMPLE: WHAT IS THE ATTRIBUTE FOR ITEM 2?

2.

WHERE A CERTAIN SENARIO MIGHT HAPPEN?

EXAMPLE: WHO HAS THE HIGHEST QUALITY OF MINERALS ?

.QUESTION: RELATIONAL DATABASE

NO. 1 2 AREA (HECTARE) 100,000 50,100 OWNER TALATU BRAUDO TAX CODE B A MINERAL QUALITY HIGH MEDIUM

3
4 5
3.

90,900
40,800 120,200

BRAUDO
ANUNKU SILIMA

B
A B

LOW
LOW HIGH

SELECTION OF AN AREA (ACCORDING TO RULES) EXAMPLE: WHICH ITEM HAS a) b) c) d) AREA >40,000 HECTARE OWNER: NOT SILIMA TAX CODE: B MINERAL QUALITY: HIGH

QUESTION: PATTERN AND RELATIONSHIP

X Y X Y Z Z

Y
X Z
1. IS OBJECT X IN THE PATTERN?

YES, IN THE FORM OF LINE, FROM NORTHWEST TO SOUTHEAST

IN THE FORM OF A LINE 2. IS THERE A RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN X AND Y? YES, Y IS ALWAYS NEAR X 3. WHAT OTHER SPATIAL PATTERN EXISTS? OBJECT Z IS ALWAYS NEAR THE BORDERS AND ITS SIZE INCREASES FROM LEFT TO RIGHT

TREND QUESTION
A C 1980
A: INCREASE IN SIZE B: DECREASE IN SIZE AND CHANGE IN LOCATION C: CHANGES IN SHAPE

A B C 1990

B D

1. WHAT ARE THE CHANGES FOR A,B AND C FROM 1980 TO 1990?

2. WHAT HAS CHANGED SINCE 1980? A AND B HAVE CHANGED IN SIZE B RELOCATES

C CHANGES IN SHAPE
ADDITION OF ITEM D