Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
For I know the plans I have for, plan to prosper you and not to harm you, plan to give you hope and a future. Jer. 29:11
Acoustics
The science of sound, including its production, propagation and effects The objective study of the physical behavior of sound in an enclosed space
Sound
A wave motion consisting of a series of condensations and rarefactions in an elastic medium produced by a vibrating body
Infrasonic
frequencies below the audible range
Ultrasonic
frequencies above the audible range
Human Voice
60 7000 Hz 85 155 Hz ( Adult Male ) 165 225 Hz ( Adult Female )
Generation: 1. Lungs 2. Vocal folds within the larynx 3. Articulators ( tongue, cheek, palate, lips, etc. )
Velocity of Sounds
A. Solids
Velocity of Sounds
B. Liquids
Velocity of Sounds
C. Gases
Where: k = ratio of the specific heat at constant volume Po = the steady pressure of the gas (N/m2 ) o = the steady or average density of the gas ( kg/m3 )
Velocity of Sounds
D. Dry Air/Air (for TC 20 0C)
Velocity of Sounds
D. Dry Air/Air (for TC 20 0C)
Velocity of Sounds
Notes
- Sounds travel more slowly in gases than in liquids, and more slowly in liquids than solids. - Sounds travels slower with an increased altitude (elevation if you are on solid earth), primarily as a result and humidity changes.
Mach Number
Mach Number - The speed of an object in air, or any fluid substance, divided by the speed of sound as it is in that substance.
Mach Number
Six Categories Subsonic: Transonic: Sonic: Supersonic: Hypersonic: High-hypersonic: M <1 0.8 < M <1.2 M=1 1.2 < M < 5 5 < M < 10 M>10
Concorde
Tupolev Tu-144
Sonic Boom
Sonic Boom This term is commonly used to refer to the shocks caused by the supersonic flight of an aircraft. It generates enormous amount of sound energy, sounding much like an explosion.
PHON
Phon is the unit of loudness level when:
The standard pure tone is produced by a sensibly plane sinusoidal progressive sound wave coming from directly in front of the observer and having the frequency of 1kHz The sound pressure level in the free progressive wave is expressed in dB above 2 x 10-5 N/m2
Sound Levels
A. Sound Pressure (P) and Sound Pressure Level (SPL)
Sound Pressure
The local pressure deviation from the ambient (average, or equilibrium) pressure caused by a soundwave. The alternating component of the pressure at a particular point in a sound field Expressed in N/m2 or Pa
Sound Levels
Sound Pressure Level
Equal to 20 times the logarithm to the base 10 of the ratio of the RMS sound pressure to the reference sound pressure
SPL = 20log(P+N)
Where: PN = rms sound pressure expressed in any of pressure in dB N = SPL constant corresponding to the unit at which sound pressure is expressed
SPL Constants
Unit of Sound Pressure Microbar Pascal lb/ft2 mmHg torr lb/in2 atm (technical) atm (standard) SPL Constant Designation (N) bar N/m2 psf mmHg torr psi atm atm 74 94 127.6 136.5 136.5 170.8 193.8 194.1
Sound Levels
B. Sound Intensity (I) and Sound Intensity Level (SIL)
Sound Intensity
Defined as the power per unit area The basic units are W/m2 The average rate of transmission of sound energy through a cross-sectional area of 1 m2 at right angles to a particular motion.
Sound Levels
Inverse Square Law
The sound intensity from a point source of sound will obey the inverse square law if there are no reflections or reverberation. Any physical law stating that a specified physical quantity or strength is inversely proportional to the square of the distance from the source of that physical quantity.
Sound Levels
Ground Source:
Sound Levels
Isotropic Source:
Sound Levels
Sound Intensity Level
Where: I = sound intensity Io = threshold intensity, W/m2 Io = 10-12 W/m2 = 10-16 W/cm2
Sound Levels
C. Sound Power (W) and Sound Power Level (PWL)
Sound Levels
Sound Power Level (PWL)
Volume Unit
Sound Fields
Free field A region in space where sound may propagate free from any form of obstruction. Near field A region close to a source where the sound pressure and acoustic particle velocity are not in phase. Far field It begins where the near field ends and extends to infinity.
Sound Fields
Direct field It is the part of the sound field which has not suffered any reflection from any room surfaces or obstacles. Reverberant field It is the part of the sound field which has experienced at least one reflection from a boundary of the room or enclosure containing the source.
End
Thank you!!