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ACOUSTICS

For I know the plans I have for, plan to prosper you and not to harm you, plan to give you hope and a future. Jer. 29:11

Acoustics
The science of sound, including its production, propagation and effects The objective study of the physical behavior of sound in an enclosed space

Sound
A wave motion consisting of a series of condensations and rarefactions in an elastic medium produced by a vibrating body

Audible Range: 20 20 000Hz

Infrasonic
frequencies below the audible range

Ultrasonic
frequencies above the audible range

Human Voice
60 7000 Hz 85 155 Hz ( Adult Male ) 165 225 Hz ( Adult Female )

Generation: 1. Lungs 2. Vocal folds within the larynx 3. Articulators ( tongue, cheek, palate, lips, etc. )

General Interpretation of Sound


1. Physical phenomenon consisting of wave motion in a transmitting medium (objective) 2. Sensation due to outside simulation (subjective)

Requirements to Produce Sounds


1. Presence of vibrating body 2. Presence of transmitting medium

Physical Properties of Sound


1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Amplitude Period Frequency Wavelength Velocity of Propagation

Velocity of Sounds
A. Solids

Where: E = Youngs Modulus of elasticity ( N/m2 ) d = density of the medium, ( kg/m3 )

Velocity of Sounds
B. Liquids

Where: e = Bulks Modulus of elasticity ( N/m2 ) d= density of the medium ( kg/m3 )

Velocity of Sounds
C. Gases

Where: k = ratio of the specific heat at constant volume Po = the steady pressure of the gas (N/m2 ) o = the steady or average density of the gas ( kg/m3 )

Velocity of Sounds
D. Dry Air/Air (for TC 20 0C)

where: TC = temperature in Celsius

Velocity of Sounds
D. Dry Air/Air (for TC 20 0C)

where: TK = temperature in Kelvin

Velocity of Sounds
Notes
- Sounds travel more slowly in gases than in liquids, and more slowly in liquids than solids. - Sounds travels slower with an increased altitude (elevation if you are on solid earth), primarily as a result and humidity changes.

Mach Number
Mach Number - The speed of an object in air, or any fluid substance, divided by the speed of sound as it is in that substance.

Mach Number
Six Categories Subsonic: Transonic: Sonic: Supersonic: Hypersonic: High-hypersonic: M <1 0.8 < M <1.2 M=1 1.2 < M < 5 5 < M < 10 M>10

Supersonic Transport (SST)

Concorde

Supersonic Transport (SST)

Tupolev Tu-144

Sonic Boom
Sonic Boom This term is commonly used to refer to the shocks caused by the supersonic flight of an aircraft. It generates enormous amount of sound energy, sounding much like an explosion.

Sonic Boom CLoud

Possibilities when a Propagated Sound is Obstructed


Sound is Reflected
Becomes apparent to the listener only when the distance from the source and the reflecting medium is great and the difference between the original and reflected sound is greater or equal to 1/17 of a second. Brought about by a series of rarefactions between two parallel surfaces resulting to prolongation of sound Creates listener fatigue Reflection caused by two parallel surfaces, producing standing waves

Possibilities when a Propagated Sound is Obstructed


Sound is absorbed
Conversion of sound energy to heat energy

Onward transmission through obstruction

Physiological Characteristics of Wave Motion


1) Pitch
2) Tone 3) Loudness

Physiological Characteristics of Wave Motion


Pitch
Number of cycles a wave goes through in a definite interval The higher the frequency the higher the pitch
Mel unit of pitch 1000 mels pitch of 1000Hz tone at 40dB Octave pitch interval 2:1; frequency is twice the given tone

Physiological Characteristics of Wave Motion


Tone
Timbre quality of sound
- The quality of sound related to harmonic structure - tone quality or tone color Pure Tone a sound composed of only one frequency in which the sound pressure varies sinusoidally with time. Musical Sounds composed of the fundamental frequency and its harmonics

Physiological Characteristics of Wave Motion


Loudness
Fluctuation of air pressure created by sound waves Observers auditory impression of the strength of a sound and is associated with the rate at which energy is transmitted to the ear. Depends on the amplitude of the sound Sone unit of loudness Loudness Level measured by the sound level of a standard pure tone or specified frequency which is assessed by normal observers as being equally loud

PHON
Phon is the unit of loudness level when:

The standard pure tone is produced by a sensibly plane sinusoidal progressive sound wave coming from directly in front of the observer and having the frequency of 1kHz The sound pressure level in the free progressive wave is expressed in dB above 2 x 10-5 N/m2

Sound Levels
A. Sound Pressure (P) and Sound Pressure Level (SPL)
Sound Pressure
The local pressure deviation from the ambient (average, or equilibrium) pressure caused by a soundwave. The alternating component of the pressure at a particular point in a sound field Expressed in N/m2 or Pa

Sound Levels
Sound Pressure Level
Equal to 20 times the logarithm to the base 10 of the ratio of the RMS sound pressure to the reference sound pressure

SPL = 20 log (P/Po)


Where: P = rms sound pressure Po = reference sound pressure Po = 2 x 10-5 N/m2 or Pa Po = 0.0002 bar Po = 2.089 lb/ft2

Sound Pressure Levels


Sound Pressure Level (SPL) at any unit of pressure in dB

SPL = 20log(P+N)
Where: PN = rms sound pressure expressed in any of pressure in dB N = SPL constant corresponding to the unit at which sound pressure is expressed

SPL Constants
Unit of Sound Pressure Microbar Pascal lb/ft2 mmHg torr lb/in2 atm (technical) atm (standard) SPL Constant Designation (N) bar N/m2 psf mmHg torr psi atm atm 74 94 127.6 136.5 136.5 170.8 193.8 194.1

Sound Levels
B. Sound Intensity (I) and Sound Intensity Level (SIL)
Sound Intensity
Defined as the power per unit area The basic units are W/m2 The average rate of transmission of sound energy through a cross-sectional area of 1 m2 at right angles to a particular motion.

Sound Levels
Inverse Square Law
The sound intensity from a point source of sound will obey the inverse square law if there are no reflections or reverberation. Any physical law stating that a specified physical quantity or strength is inversely proportional to the square of the distance from the source of that physical quantity.

Sound Levels
Ground Source:

Sound Levels
Isotropic Source:

Sound Levels
Sound Intensity Level

Where: I = sound intensity Io = threshold intensity, W/m2 Io = 10-12 W/m2 = 10-16 W/cm2

Sound Levels
C. Sound Power (W) and Sound Power Level (PWL)

Sound Power (W)


The total energy radiated per unit time.

Sound Levels
Sound Power Level (PWL)

Where: W = sound power , W Wo = reference sound power Wo = 10-12 W = 10-16 W

Volume Unit

Volume Unit Meter

Sound Fields
Free field A region in space where sound may propagate free from any form of obstruction. Near field A region close to a source where the sound pressure and acoustic particle velocity are not in phase. Far field It begins where the near field ends and extends to infinity.

Sound Fields
Direct field It is the part of the sound field which has not suffered any reflection from any room surfaces or obstacles. Reverberant field It is the part of the sound field which has experienced at least one reflection from a boundary of the room or enclosure containing the source.

End

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