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=
V
S
= V
1
+ V
2
+ V
3
+ + V
N
or
Taken in the same direction around the circuit, the sum of the voltage rises equals
the sum of the voltage drops. ( Conservation of Energy )
V
S
V
1
V
2
V
3
0 I
N
1 m
m
=
=
Application of Kirchhoffs Laws
( )
T
s
IR
R R R I
IR IR IR
V V V V
=
+ + =
+ + =
+ + =
3 2 1
3 2 1
3 2 1
Hence the equivalent circuit is,
In a series circuit the total resistance is the sum of the individual resistances. This
leads to the concept of voltage division.
3 2 1
R R R R
T
+ + =
V
S
R
T
1) Series Circuit Voltage Division
where,
IR V Law s Ohm'
V KVL
m
m
=
=
0
V
S
V
1
V
2
V
3
R
3
R
2
R
1
I
Voltage Division
The series current, I, is common to both, resistors
( )
2 1
R R
V
R
V
I IR V
S
T
S
T S
+
= = =
From Ohms law we know, V
out
= IR
2
, substituting in for the series current, I,
gives,
S out
T
S
out
V
R R
R
V
R
R
V
IR V
2 1
2
2
2
+
=
=
=
If the voltage across the other
resistor, V
X
, is required, then,
S X
V
R R
R
V
2 1
1
+
=
V
S
R
1
R
2
V
out
V
x
Application of Kirchhoffs Laws
IR V Law s Ohm'
I KCL
m
m
=
=
0
2) Parallel Circuit Current Division
V
S
I
1
I
2
R
1
I
T
R
2
Hence the equivalent circuit is,
In a parallel circuit the total conductance is the sum of the individual
conductances. This leads to the concept of current division.
2 1
2 1
1 1 1
G G G or
R R R
T
T
+ = + =
V
S
R
T
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ =
+ =
+ =
2 1
2 1
2 1
1 1
R R
V I
R
V
R
V
I I I
S T
S S
T
S T
V G I =
Current Division
V
S
I
1
I
2
R
1
I
T
R
2
The voltage across both resistors in a parallel circuit, V
S
,
is common,
2 1
G G
I
G
I
V
T
T
T
S
+
= =
From Ohms law we know that the current through R
1
must be, I
1
=V
S
G
1
,
substituting in for the V
S
, gives,
T
T
T
T
I
R R
R
I
I
G G
G
G
G
I
I
2 1
2
1
2 1
1
1 1
+
=
+
= =
Likewise the current through R
2
, is,
T T
I
R R
R
I
G G
G
I
2 1
1
2 1
2
2
+
=
+
=
Review
Kirchhoffs Laws:
Series Resistance Parallel Resistance
Voltage Division
Current Division
0 V : KVL
N
1 m
m
=
=
0 I : K C L
N
1 m
m
=
=
In a closed circuit At a node
=
=
N
1 m
m T
R R
s
2 1
2
2
V
R R
R
V
+
=
3 2 1 T
R
1
R
1
R
1
R
1
+ + =
T
2 1
1
1
I
G G
G
I
+
=
=
=
N
1 m
m T
G G