Analog transmission uses signals that are exact replicas of a sound wave or picture being transmitted.

Signals of varying frequency or amplitude are added to carrier waves with a given frequency of electromagnetic current to produce a continuous electric wave. The term "analog signal" came about because the variations in the carrier waves are similar, or analogous, to that of the voice itself.

DIGITAL-TO-ANALOG CONVERSION
Digital-to-analog conversion is the process of changing one of the characteristics of an analog signal based on the information in digital data.

Types of digital-to-analog conversion

In amplitude shift keying (ASK), the amplitude of the carrier wave is

changed but the frequency and phase remain constant. In FSK, the frequency of the carrier is changed to represent the binary 1 and 0. In phase shift keying, the phase of the carrier is changed to represent different signal elements (1/0). The peak amplitude and frequency remain constant.

Binary amplitude shift keying

Multi level amplitude shift keying

In multilevel ASK, there are more than 2 levels of the digital signal. We can use 4, 8, 16 or more different amplitudes for the signal and modulate the data using 2, 3, 4 or more bits at a time.

Binary frequency shift keying

Binary phase shift keying

Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)

1. This modulation technique is a combination of ASK and PSK. 2. In QAM technique, we change two characteristics the amplitude of one carrier wave and the phase of the other carrier wave. 3. The amplitude of the two carrier signals are different.

ANALOG-TO-ANALOG CONVERSION Analog-to-analog conversion is the representation of analog information by an analog signal. Modulation is needed if the medium is bandpass in nature or if only a bandpass channel is available to us.

AMPLITUDE MODULATION
In AM, we use two signals: the carrier signal and the modulation signal. Both are analog signals. The carrier signal is modulated so that its amplitude varies with changes in the amplitude of the modulating signal. The frequency and phase of the carrier signal remain constant, only the amplitude changes.

Amplitude modulation

AM band allocation
The total bandwidth required for AM can be determined from the bandwidth of the audio signal: BAM = 2B.

FREQUENCY MODULATION In frequency modulation, the frequency of the carrier wave is changed to follow the changing amplitude of the modulating signal. The peak amplitude and phase of the carrier signal remain constant but as the amplitude of the modulating signal changes, the frequency or the carrier signal also changes.

Frequency modulation

FM band allocation
The total bandwidth required for FM can be determined from the bandwidth of the audio signal: BFM = 2(1 + )B.

AM Disadvantages
1) Most natural & man made radio noise is AM in nature, and AM receivers have no means of rejecting that noise. 2) Also, weak signals have lower amplitude than strong ones, which requires the receiver to have circuits to compensate for the signal level differences.

AM Advantages
1) AM signals can be reflected from the ionospheric layer back to earth, so that the signals can reach unintended places that are thousands of miles away.

FM Disadvantages
1) At the higher-frequency FM signals pass unreflected through the ionosphere.

FM Advantages
1) The effects of amplitude noise are minimized, since the recovered audio is dependent only on the frequency, and not the strength. 2) The FM bandwidth can easily cover entire musical range of the human ear of about 20 kHz, and that is why FM radio sounds better than AM radio.

PHASE MODULATION
In PM, the phase of the carrier signal is changed in accordance with the changing amplitude of the modulating signal. The peak amplitude and frequency of the carrier signal remain constant, but the phase of the carrier changes with changes in amplitude of the information signal.

Phase modulation

PM band allocation

The total bandwidth required for PM can be determined from the bandwidth and maximum amplitude of the modulating signal: BPM = 2(1 + )B.

Advantages of Analog Signaling One of the major advantages of the analog signal is that they have power to define infinite amount of data. Density of the analog signals is much higher as compared to digital ones. Analog signals have easy processing.

Disadvantages of Analog Signaling Unwanted noise in recording. If we transmit data at long distance then unwanted disturbance is there. Generation loss is also a big con of analog signals.

THANK YOU!!!

BY: RUSSELLIN B. VALLAR