Erman Nordin

SISTEM PROTEKSI AKTIF

SISTEM PROTEKSI PASIF

Bahan daur ulang untuk kompartemenisasi Bahan penghambat api Bahan-bahan insulasi termal dan akustik yang aman terhadap bahaya kebakaran

FIRE SAFETY MANAGEMENT

Air daur ulang untuk hidran / pemadam kebakaran Teknologi kabut air untuk pengganti halon Memakai bahan pemadam dengan ODP / GWP 0

FITUR SISTEM PROTEKSI KEBAKARAN BERKELANJUTAN

Pemeriksaan & pemeliharaane Latihan kebakaran & evakuasi Menyusun fire emergency plan Duplikasi files & data penting lainnya Manning system

3. TIPOLOGI KEBAKARAN DI

Perumahan

Perkantoran

COMPARTMENT FIRE REAL FIRE - mostly cellulosic fires

- The danger of flashover or back draft

Building fire

Perhotelan / apartmen Pusat Perbelanjaan Rumah sakit Bangunan industri Oil & gases

OPEN FIRE
- mostly hydrocarbon fires
- danger of explosion, bleve

Industrial fire

Coal / cement
Textile / cotton
Electrical power

Aviasi / penerbangan

Forest fire
- Smoke cloud / awan asap

ARSON FIRE
Suprapto (2004)

Ada unsur kesengajaan

Peat fire
- Underground fires (nat.deep seat)

The Strategy of Preventing a Fire

A fire must have three things to ignite and maintain combustion:
Fuel Heat Oxygen

The basic strategy of fire prevention is to control or isolate sources of fuel and heat in order to prevent combustion.

If all three are not present in sufficient quantities a fire will not ignite or a fire will not be able to sustain combustion
3 unsur utama penyebab kebakaran

TOTAL FIRE SAFETY

SISTEM AKTIF ENERGIZED SYSTEM SISTEM PASIF BUILT-IN SYSTEM FIRE SAFETY MANAGEMENT HUMAN SYSTEM

Sistem proteksi aktif

Sistem proteksi pasif

Fire safety management

Compartmentalization in structures, such as landbased buildings, traffic tunnels, ships, aerospace vehicles, or submarines, is the fundamental basis and aim of passive fire protection. The idea is to divide a structure into "fire compartments," which may contain single or multiple rooms, for the purpose of limiting the spread of fire, smoke and flue gases, in order to enable the three goals of fire protection: -life safety -property protection -continuity of operations

Ubbl Bahagian VII 162. Pintu Api Dalam Dinding Petak Dan Dinding Pengasing (1) Pintu-pintu api daripada tempoh ketahanan api yang berpatutan hendaklah disediakan. (2) Ruang buka dalam dinding petak dan dinding pengasing hendaklah dilindungi dengan suatu pintu api yang mempunyai TKA mengikut kehendakkehendak bagi dinding itu yang dinyatakan dalam Jadual Kesembilan UndangUndang Kecil ini. (3) Ruang buka dalam struktur pelindung hendaklah dilindungi dengan pintu api yang mempunyai TKA tidak kurang daripada setengah daripada kehendak bagi dinding sekeliling yang dinyatakan dalam Jadual Kesembilan Undang-Undang Kecil ini tetapi dalam mana-mana hal tidak kurang daripada setengah jam. (4) Ruang buka dalam dinding sekat yang mengepungi suatu koridor atau ruang terlindung hendaklah dilindungi dengan pintu api yang mempunyai TKA selama setengah jam. (5) Pintu-pintu api termasuk bingkai hendaklah dibina mengikut spesifikasi yang boleh ditunjukkan sebagai memenuhi kehendak-kehendak TKA yang relevan apabila diuji mengikut seksyen 3 PB 476: 1951.

Dinding petak
dinding pangsa dan lantai petak masing-masing ertinya sesuatu dinding dan sesuatu lantai yang mematuhi undang-undang kecil 148, dan yang diadakan sedemikian bagi maksud undang-undang kecil 136 untuk membahagikan sesuatu bangunan kepada petak-petak bagi apa-apa maksud berhubungan dengan undang-undang kecil 213 atau 147; 147:(1)Sesuatu dinding pengasing, lain daripada dinding yang mengasingkan bangunan yang tidak dibahagikan kepada petak dalam had-had saiz yang ditandakan dengan huruf "x" dalam Bahagian I Jadual Kesembilan UndangUndang Kecil ini, hendaklah dibina keseluruhannya daripada bahan tak boleh terbakar, tidak termasuk sesuatu permukaan kemas sesuatu dinding yang mematuhi kehendak-kehendak Undang-Undang Kecil ini dan kehendak TKA bagi dinding itu hendaklah diperolehi tanpa bantuan daripada bahan tak boleh terbakar itu. (2)Sesuatu rasuk atau tiang yang menjadi sebahagian daripada, dan sesuatu struktur yang menanggung, suatu dinding pengasing yang dikehendaki dibina daripada bahan tak boleh terbakar hendaklah sendirinya mematuhi kehendak-kehendak perenggan (1) mengenai hal tak boleh terbakar.

quiz
Below are the purpose of compartment wall in building(CLO1)? a. To prevent fire and smoke transmission b. To prevent smoke and heat transmission c. To isolate high risk area d. To integrate risk between rooms

Answer=d

quiz
Below are the functions of the fire door except:(CLO2)? a. To delay the spread of the fire from the 1 area to another b. To form a barrier to fire spread c. To provide a mean of escape d. To spread the water form fire engine Answer=b

quiz
Below are the 3 main objective in fire prevention system in building except:(CLO2)? a. User safety protection b. Asset protection c. Building operation d. High cost operation Answer=d

quiz
Ubbl 1984 states that the party wal shall be (CLO3)? a. Not less than 100 thick b. Not less than 150 thick c. Not less than 200 thick d. Not more than 150 thick Answer=c

quiz
The design of the emergency lane must facilitate the movement for the fire brigade vehicle. The route of fire engine vehicles should be provide with the width _____ (CLO3) a. 2m b. 4m c. 5m d. 6m Answer=d

quiz
Table show the class of fire with source of combustion substance. Which of the following is not true about the class of fire? (CLO1)
answer
a b c d

Class of fire
Class A fires Class B fires Class C fires Class D fires

Source of combustion substance

Fire involving organic solids like paper, wood, etc Fire involving flammable liquids Fire involving electricity Fire involving metals

Answer=c

Additional Fire Protection Measures

Increased Alarm and Detection (up to 15%)

Greater Ceiling Heights (up to 30%)

Tindakan mengawal api merebak

Pembuangan bahan api Pembuangan bahan api boleh dilakukan bagi mengelak kebakaran kecil. Jika kebakaran kecil ini disebabkan oleh gas, ia boleh dipadamkan dengan menutup injap utama salur gas tersebut. Pengasingan bahan api daripada unsur oksigen dan haba juga menghalang kemarakan api. Cth: -mencurahkan pasir ke dalam tin yang terbakar. -Mengasingkan minyak sedang terbakar dengan mencurahkan air sabun ke atasnya.

jenis pemadam kebakaran jenis mudah alih yang sering terdapat dalam bangunan

vd

Sistem bantuan kebakaran dalam bangunan

Pengesan kebakaran -penting untuk bangunan tidak berpenghuni -alat utk memberitahu dan mengesan tentang berlakunya kebakaran seperti mengesan asap, haba dapa sprinkler yang akan menyebabkan bebuli pecah lalu mengeluarkan air secara automatik. Memadam api -mengawal dengan membuang salah satu unsur penyebab kebakaran -jika kebakaran disebabkan oleh bahan binaan seperti kayu, maka kayu mestilah dialihkan sejauh mungkin dari kawasan kebakaran Jalan pelepasan api

menyediakan laluan kepada penghuni untuk turun dan keluar dari bangunan dengan selamat. -menyediakan lampu pada jalan keluar untuk elak panik. Kawalan struktur Mengikut spesifikasi yang ditetapkan oleh jabatan bomba dalam pelan bangunan

Cement grouting (not spray paint) Specialist work, xpaint, coloured ,

Structure
There are a number of ways fire can spread through a building and effecting adjacent buildings: Conduction Convection

Radiation

Length?

Installation in building
The installing of the wet riser system is almost same with dry riser system. The different between this system is wet riser have own to supply water compare to dry riser have no tank at the installation.

DISADVANTAGE OF WET RISER SYSTEM

This type of system requires that water be provided and pressurized up to each hose cabinet at all times accidental water damage may occur risk of leaking pipe high maintainance Need to control the pressure. The pressures are monitored at the pump room to control the pumps.

UNIFORM BUILDING BY LAW

Part VIII FIRE ALARM, FIRE DETECTION, FIRE EXTINGUISHMENT, & FIRE FIGHTING ACESS

By Law; 231. Installation and Testing of Wet Rising System. (1) Wet rising system should be provided in every building in which the topmost floor is more than 30.5m above fire appliance access level. (2) A hose connection shall be provided in each fire fighting access lobby. (3) Wet risers shall be minimum 152.4mm diameter and shall be hydrostatically tested at pressure 50% above the working pressure required and not less than 14 bars for at least 24 hours.

Bahagian VIII

231. Pemasangan Dan Ujian Sistem Pancur Basah

(1) Sistem pancur basah hendaklah disediakan dalam tiap-tiap bangunan yang mana tingkat paling tingginya adalah lebih daripada 30.5 meter di atas paras akses perkakas bomba. (2) Suatu sambungan hos hendaklah disediakan dalam tiap-tiap ruang akses menentang kebakaran. (3) Pancur basah hendaklah mempunyai diameter 152.4 meter pada minimumnya dan hendaklah diuji secara hidrostatik pada tekanan 50% lebih tinggi daripada tekanan kerja yang dikehendaki dan tidak kurang daripada 14 bar selama sekurang-kurangnya dua puluh empat jam.

UNIFORM BUILDING BY LAW

(4) Each wet riser outlet shall comprise standard 63.5mm instantaneous coupling fitted with a hose nit less than 38.1mm diameter equipped with an approved typed cradle and a variable fog nozzle. (5) A wet riser shall be provided in every staircase which extends from the ground floor level to the roof and shall be equipped with a three-way 63.5mm outlet above the roof line. (6) Each stage of wet riser shall not exceed 61m , unless expressly permitted by D.G.F.S. but in no case exceeding 70.15m.

(4) Tiap-tiap alir keluar pancur basah hendaklah mengandungi kupling segera 63.5 milimeter yang standard dipasang dengan hos yang diameternya tidak kurang daripada 38.1 milimeter dilengkapkan dengan suatu penakung daripada jenis yang diluluskan dan suatu muncung kabus yang boleh berubah. (5) Suatu pancur basah hendaklah disediakan di tiap-tiap tangga yang melanjut daripada paras tingkat bawah ke bumbung dan hendaklah dilengkapkan dengan alir keluar 63.5 milimeter tiga hala di bahagian atas garisan bumbung itu. (6) Setiap peringkat pancur basah itu hendaklah tidak melebihi 61 meter, melainkan dibenarkan dengan nyata oleh K.P.P.B. tetapi dalam mana-mana hal tidak melebihi 70.15 meter.

UNIFORM BUILDING BY LAW

By Law; 232. Wet or Dry Rising System for Building Under Construction. (1) Where either dry or wet riser is required, at least one riser shall be installed when the building under construction has reached a height of above the level of the fire brigade pumping inlet with connections there to located adjacent to a useable staircase. (2) Such riser shall be extended as construction progresses to within two floors of the topmost floor under construction and where the designed height of the building requires the installation of a wet riser system fire pumps, water storage tanks and water main connections shall be provided to serve the riser.

Bahagian VIII 232. Sistem Pancur Basah Atau Kering Bagi Bangunan Yang Sedang Dibina (1) Jika sama ada sistem pancur basah atau kering dikehendaki, sekurang-kurangnya satu pancur hendaklah dipasang apabila bangunan yang sedang dibina itu telah sampai setinggi 18.3 meter di atas paras alir masuk pam bomba dengan sambungannya ditempatkan bersempadanan dengan tangga yang boleh digunakan. (2) Pancur itu hendaklah dilanjutkan mengikut kemajuan binaan hingga ke takat dua tingkat daripada tingkat paling tinggi yang sedang dibina dan jika tinggi yang dirancangkan bagi bangunan itu menghendaki pemasangan sistem pancur basah, maka pam bomba, tangki storan air, dan sambungan sesalur air hendaklah disediakan bagi kegunaan pancur itu.

UNIFORM BUILDING BY LAW

By Law; 248. Marking on Wet Riser, etc. (1) Wet riser, dry riser, sprinkler and other fire installation pipes and fittings shall be painted red. (2) All cabinets and areas recessed in walls for location of fire installations and extinguishers shall be clearly identified to the satisfaction of the Fire Authority or otherwise clearly identified.

Bahagian VIII 248. Tanda Pada Pancur Basah, dll (1) Pancur basah, pancur kering, semburan dan pemasangan paip bomba dan pasangan-pasangan bomba lain hendaklah dicat merah. (2) Semua kabinet dan kawasan ceruk dalam dinding bagi penempatan pemasangan bomba dan pemadam api hendaklah ditunjukkan dengan jelas sehingga memuaskan Pihak Berkuasa Bomba.

MENCARI BAHAN ALTERNATIF YANG SEKOMPATIBEL DENGAN HALON

AlternatiF untuk fixed systems : FM200, AF-11e, NAFS-III, IG-541, Water-mist, Hi-Fog, CO2 systems

Alternatif untuk pemadam tabung / APAR : Dry chemical, CO2, triodide, halotron, solfaklam
Acuan : NFPA-2001, Clean agent extinguishing systems

 Installed in high risk area or room such ass switch room and generator room. Works automatically by producing a type of gas that helps to reduce fire.
The statement above (CLO1)? a. Smoke detector b. Halon system c. Wet riser d. Dry riser Answer=b

quiz

WHAT IS SPRINKLER??

DEFINITION
A FIRE SPRINKLER is the part of a fire sprinkler system that discharges water when the effects of a fire have been detected, such as when a predetermined temperature has been reached.

Is an active fire protection measure

The system operates automatically without human intervention. Used in factories and large commercial buildings, home and small building systems are now available at a cost-effective price.

Typical diagram

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

ADVANTAGES
Immediate identification and control of a developing fire: -Sprinkler systems respond at all times. - Control is generally instantaneous. Immediate alert: -automatic sprinkler systems will notify occupants and emergency response personnel of the developing fire.

Reduced heat and smoke damage:

-Significantly less heat and smoke will be generated when the fire is extinguished at an early stage.

 Enhanced life safety:

-Staff, visitors and fire fighters will be subject to less danger when fire growth is checked.

Design flexibility:
-Greater utilization of exhibition and assembly spaces is usually a benefit.

Decreased insurance expenditure:

- Sprinkler controlled fires are less damaging than fires in nonsprinkle red buildings. -Insurance underwriters will usually offer reduced premiums in sprinkler protected properties which can save a large amount capital.

of

DISADVANTAGES
Wind may distort the sprinkling pattern. Water must be clean and free from sand. Power requirement is high.

Sprinklers

the leading light in fire safety design

Factors Influencing System Design

Smoke Buoyancy Wind Conditions

Buoyancy
Stack Effect

Stack Effect

Expansion

the leading light in fire safety design

Smoke Buoyancy
Smoke will rise due to having a lower density than the surrounding air.
Smoke on hitting a horizontal barrier will induce lateral travel. Smoke moving away will reduce in temperature and entrain cool air. Therefore buoyancy of the smoke will generally decrease the further from the source it travels.

Stack Effect
With a low ambient temperature there is often an upward movement of air within a building. The air within a building has a buoyant force because it is warmer and less dense than the outside air. This buoyant force causes air to rise within any shaft of the building.

Smoke Control

the leading light in fire safety design

Why Smoke Control?

The purpose of Smoke control will fall into one of the following categories:

Life Safety Property Protection Protection of goods Compliance with Building Regulation

Allow occupants to escape and maintain a clear breathable layer at floor level, whilst evacuation is in progress Maintenance of this clear layer will aid fire fighters Reduce the build up of heat and toxic gases which can lead to flashover by allowing to pass to the atmosphere - Protect the building structure from heat

Special Fire Protection

With the incorporation of additional fire protection measures into a building it could enable a relaxation in other areas! Sprinklers
Reduced Fire Protection (Structure) Increased Unprotected Areas of External Facade

Extending Travel Distances

Smoke Control Increased Detection Management Controls

Time based approach - ASET

Available Time Untenable Conditions Alarm

Available Safe Egress Time

Ignition

People React

Travel time

Fire Growth

Detection

Time

Time Based Escape Strategy

Benefits Extending the travel distance Reduced numbers of escape routes Utilising more floor area An appropriate design solution

ANALISIS FLASHOVER
Pertumbuhan kebakaran dalam Fenomena flashover Tg = 500o-600oC, fluks ke lantai 20kW/m2 ruang

Kurva suhu-waktu

Flashover di bangunan toko

Means of Escape

Means of Escape based on Distance Time base analysis to escape

the leading light in fire safety design

Distance

18m where escape is in one direction 45m where escape is in more than one direction
the leading light in fire safety design

Direct Travel Distances

Indirect Travel Distances

Risk Assessment
Risk = Frequency x Consequence Frequency = number of fires in a given period

Consequence = the damage caused by the fire

the leading light in fire safety design

Fire Growth Rate

Category 1

Fire Growth Rate Slow

Examples Banking Hall, limited combustible materials

Fire Growth Rate Parameter kJ/m3 0.0029

2
3 4

Medium
Fast Ultra Fast

Stacked cardboard boxes, wooden pallets

Baled thermoplastic chip, stacked plastic products Flammable liquids, foam

0.012
0.047 0.188

the leading light in fire safety design

Risk Profiles
Occupancy Characteristics A A Occupants who are awake and familiar with the building Fire Growth rate 1 2 3 4 B Occupants who are awake and unfamiliar with the building 1 Slow Medium Fast Ultra Fast Slow Risk Profile A1 A2 A3 A4 B1

2
3 4 1 2 3 4

Medium
Fast Ultra Fast Slow Medium Fast Ultra Fast

B2
B3 B4 C1 C2 C3 C4

Occupants who are likely to be asleep

Common Examples Risk Profiles

Assembly Hall Office Business Centre Classroom Shopping Mall Exhibition Area Factory Production Area Club Amusement Arcade Bedrooms/ study bedroom B2 A2 B2 A2 B2 B2/B3 A2/A3 B2 B2 Cii2 Leisure Centre Workshop Theatre Storage & Warehouse Shop Sales Area Office (closed plan) Plant Room Kitchen Meeting Room Dinning Room B2 A3 B2 A4 B3 B2 A4 A3 B2 B1

the leading light in fire safety design

BS 9999 Travel Distances

Risk Profile A1 A2 A3 A4 B1 B2 B3 B4 Ci1 Cii2 Ciii3 Travel Distances Two way travel 65 55 45 30 60 50 40 Not Allowed 27 18 14 37 27 18 90 75 60 45 90 75 60 One way travel 26 22 18 14 24 20 16 Not Allowed 13 9 7 18 13 9 30 24 22 18 28 24 20

Achievable travel distances when minimum fire protection measures are installed Additiona

General Housekeeping Guidelines

Work areas, aisles, walkways, stairways, and equipment should be kept clear of loose materials, trash, scraps, etc. Never block aisles, fire exits, emergency equipment, or alarm pull stations with equipment or materials. Avoid build up of combustible trash and waste such as paper, wood, cardboard, etc. Keep use and storage of flammables and combustibles to a minimum. Clean up all spills such as grease, oil, or water immediately. A delay could result in accidents.

Storage Guidelines
All storage must be at least 3 ft from electrical panels. In some emergency situations it will be necessary to access these panels quickly.
Maintain at least a 3ft clearance from heating surfaces, air ducts, heaters, and lighting fixtures. Storage of combustible materials in mechanical rooms Improper Mechanical Room is prohibited.
Improper Storage in front of Electrical Panel Storage

Wind Effect
Vents should be positioned so that they are not affected by external wind conditions. In determining natural ventilation of a building consideration is required to its:
Building height Surrounding terrain Prevailing wind
-ve

+ve
-ve

Choose either TRUE or FALSE

An automatic fire alarm system is designed to detect the unwanted presence of fire by monitoring environmental change associated with combustion. (CLO2)
TRUE or FALSE answer: T

Choose either TRUE or FALSE

Install a smoke detector in building is one of the passive design strategies for fire protection. (CLO2) TRUE or FALSE answer: F

Choose either TRUE or FALSE

Maximum travel distance for unsprinklered school hall is 60 meters (CLO2) TRUE or FALSE answer: T

Habis sudah