Computer Software: SAK3002 - Information Technology and Its Application

SAK3002 IT and Its Applications
Chapter
COMPUTER SOFTWARE
SAK3002 Information Technology and Its Application
Chapter 3
Objectives of this chapter:

You can
Identify the types of system software
Describe the functions of an operating system
Identify the types of operating system
Identify utility programs
Explain the purpose of the utilities program
Chapter 3
Overview
This chapter covers
System Software

Operating System Utility Program
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Introduction
Computer software is:

A group of programs that connects user with computer devices Comprised of a sequence of instructions Designed to instruct the computer to execute desired functions by the users
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Introduction (contd)
Software Layers
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System Software
What is system software?

Programs that maintain operation of computer
Two categories
Operating Systems
Utility Programs
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3.1 Operating System
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Operating System
What is an operating system? A group of programs that organize and manage the whole computer operations OS is a set of instructions that coordinate all the internal activities among computer hardware, application programs and users
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Operating System (contd)
OS is controlled by the kernel. What is a kernel?

Kernel is the supervisor program that manage the memory and devices Kernel is loaded into the memory from the hard disk (or other storage) during booting until computer is turned off It is known as memory resident (because it resides in memory as long as the power is on. Non-resident are other programs that resides in hard disk at the same time)
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The functions of an operating system

start the computer (Booting) manage programs provide a user interface
administer security manage memory
control a network
provide file management and other utilities Chapter 3
monitor performance
establish an Internet connection
schedule jobs and configure devices
Booting
Process of starting or restarting a computer
Cold boot Turning on computer that has been powered off Warm boot Restarting computer that is powered on
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A personal computer boot up process

Step 1. Power supply
Step 4. Results of POST are
sends signal to components in system unit

Step 2. Processor
compared with data in CMOS chip

Step 5. BIOS looks for system files
accesses BIOS to start computer

Step 3. BIOS runs tests,
called the POST, to check components such as mouse, keyboard, and adapter cards
on a USB drive, in floppy disk drive or CD/DVD drive, and then hard disk Step 6. Kernel (core) of operating system loads into RAM
Step 7. Operating system loads
configuration information and displays desktop on screen
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4
main functions of OS:
Manage
computer programs Manage computer hardware Provides user interface Support application software
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Manage computer programs

Managing programs refers to how many users, and how many programs, an operating system can support at one time An OS can be single tasking, multi-tasking, cooperative multi-tasking, preemptive multitasking, multithreading and multiprocessing Single tasking
Runs
only one program at a time
Chapter 3
Multi-tasking
Same
concept as multiprogramming Allows 2 or more programs at the same time Divide the programs into active and inactive. Active application is called foreground application and inactive application is background application CPU does not run the programs simultaneously but manage the resources i.e. memory based on active/inactive applications
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Cooperative Multi-tasking
Based
on multi-tasking concept, whereby foreground application controls CPU until program ends But if program crashes/hang, OS needs to be rebooted
Preemptive Multi-tasking
Based
on multi-tasking concept But if program crashes/hang, OS is able to take over CPU so other programs can be maintained
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Multithreading
One
program may execute more than one task Example print and edit at the same time
Multiprocessing
Use
of 2 or more processor at the same time Programs run simultaneously Each processor manage own resources Hardware dependant esp. motherboard
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Manage computer hardware
Memory Unit
OS
partitions the memory for each program. If memory is insufficient, OS may use virtual memory, which allocates a portion of a storage medium to function as additional RAM In virtual memory, programs/instructions are stored in fixed-sized unit called pages If memory if full, OS will copy pages into swap file in hard disk and reloaded into memory when needed
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With virtual memory (VM), portion of hard disk is allocated to function as RAM
Step 1. The
operating system transfers the least recently used data and program instructions to disk because RAM is needed for other functions.
Step 2. The
operating system transfers data and program instructions from hard disk to RAM when they are needed.
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Input/Output Devices
OS
provides interrupt handler, a mini program to handle interrupt from input/output devices. Examples of interrupt are mouse click/scroll/keyboard punch OS requires device driver to operates hardware devices. Drivers are loaded during booting
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What is a device driver?
Program that tells operating system how to communicate with device
Device Driver
Also called driver
With Plug and Play, operating system automatically configures new devices as you install them
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Spooling
Sending print jobs to buffer instead of directly to printer Print jobs line up in queue
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Provides User Interface
i.
OS manages communication between the computers and users Users may login, run application programs, manage files (copy/save) and on/off computers using any type of interface There are 3 types of command instructions: Command line
Instructions to be typed in i.e. to save a file into diskette is C:\WINDOWS>copy C:myfile.doc a: Users have to memorize instructions
Chapter 3

ii.
Menu-driven
User selects instruction from a text-based pull-down menu Instructions are entered either via mouse click/ keyboard <ENTER> of arrow keys
iii.
Graphical user interface (GUI)
User selects instruction by mouse click or keyboard <ENTER> icons
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User interface
Controls how you enter data and instructions and how information displays on screen
command-line interface
menu-driven interface
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Graphical User Interface (GUI)
User interacts with menus and visual images such as icons and buttons
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Some characteristics of operating systems
Devicedependent
Runs only on specific type of computer
Proprietary software
Privately owned and limited to specific vendor or computer model
Deviceindependent
Runs on many manufacturers computers
Downward compatible
Works with application software written for earlier version of operating system
Upward compatible
Runs on new versions of operating system
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Three categories of operating systems
Embedded
Network
Stand-alone
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Stand-alone operating systems

Example: Windows
Windows Version Windows 3.x
Year Released 1990
Windows NT 3.1
Windows 95 Windows NT Workstation 4.0
1993
1995 1996
Windows 98
Windows Millennium Edition Windows 2000 Professional Windows XP Windows XP SP2 Windows Vista
Chapter 3 SAK3002 Information Technology and Its Application
1998
2000 2000 2001 2004 2006
Stand-Alone Operating Systems
Windows XP
Fast, reliable Windows operating system Available in five editions: Home Edition, Professional Edition, Tablet PC Edition, Media Center Edition, and 64-bit Edition
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Windows Vista
Successor to Windows XP, containing a new interface and new / enhanced features Available in several editions, grouped into Home and Business categories
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Mac OS X
Available only for computers manufactured by Apple Macintosh operating system has been model for most GUIs
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UNIX
Used by power users because of its flexibility and power
Most versions offer GUI

Available for computers of all sizes
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Linux
Popular, free, multitasking UNIX-type operating system
Open-source software code is available to public Both a stand-alone and a network operating system
Red Hat provides a version of Linux called Red Hat Enterprise Linux.
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Network operating system

Allows users to share printer, Internet access, files, and programs on a network
Administers security by establishing user name and password for each user
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Network Operating Systems

NetWare
Examples of network operating systems
Designed for client/server networks
Windows Server 2003

Upgrade to Windows 2000 Server
UNIX / Linux
Multi-purpose operating system
Solaris
Version of UNIX developed by Sun Microsystems Specifically for e-commerce applications

Chapter 3 SAK3002 Information Technology and Its Application
Embedded Operating Systems

Embedded operating system
Found on most mobile computers, PDAs, and other small devices Windows CE is scaled-down version of Windows
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Operating systems for PDAs

Windows Mobile for Pocket PC Palm OS for Palm
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Embedded Linux
Scaled-down Linux operating system designed for PDAs, smart phones, smart watches, set-top boxes, Internet telephones, and other devices
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Symbian OS
Open-source, multitasking operating system designed for smart phones
Make telephone calls, save appointments, browse Web, send and receive e-mail and faxes, and more
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3.2 Utility Program
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Utility program
A small program that provides an addition to the capabilities provided by the operating system Performs maintenance-type tasks, usually related to managing a computer, its devices, or its programs.
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OS Utility Program
File manager
Performs functions such as copying, renaming, deleting, and moving files Image viewer displays contents of graphics file when you double click on it
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OS Utility Program
Personal firewall
Detects and protects a personal computer from unauthorized intrusions

The latest update to Windows XP automatically enables the built-in personal firewall upon installation
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OS Utility Program
Uninstaller
Removes a program and

all associated files
In Windows XP, uninstaller is in Add/Remove Programs in Control Panel
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OS Utility Program
Disk scanner
Detects and corrects problems on hard disk Searches for and removes unnecessary files
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OS Utility Program
fragmented disk
Disk defragmenter
Reorganizes files and unused space on hard disk so programs run faster
disk after defragmentation process
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OS Utility Program
Diagnostic utility
Compiles technical information about hardware and some software Prepares report outlining problems
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OS Utility Program
Backup utility
Copies selected files or entire hard disk onto another storage medium
Most compress files during backup to require less storage space
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OS Utility Program
Screen saver
Causes monitors screen to display moving image or blank screen if there is no activity for a specified time
To secure computer, user configures screen saver to require password to deactivate
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Stand-Alone Utility Programs
Antivirus program
Identifies and removes viruses in memory, storage media, and incoming files Must be updated frequently
Chapter 3
What is a virus?

Potentially damaging computer program Affects computer without users knowledge

An unusual message or image is displayed on the computer screen An unusual sound or music plays randomly The available memory is less than what should be available A program or file suddenly is missing An unknown program or file mysteriously appears The size of a file changes without explanation A file becomes corrupted A program or file does not work properly System properties change
SIGNS OF VIRUS INFECTION
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Spyware
Program placed on a computer without the users knowledge that secretly collects information about the user Often enters a computer as a result of a user installing a new program A spyware remover is a program that detects and deletes spyware
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Internet filters
Programs that remove or block certain items from being displayed
Anti-Spam Programs
Web Filters
Pop-up Blockers
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File compression utility

Shrinks size of files to free up room and improve performance Compressed files are sometimes called zipped files Two popular utilities: Winrar and WinZip
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CD/DVD burning software

Writes text, graphics, audio, and video files to a recordable or rewriteable CD or DVD
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Personal computer maintenance utility

Identifies and fixes operating system problems and disk problems Some continuously monitor computer to identify problems before they occur
Chapter 3
End of Chapter 3
Chapter 3

Computer Software: SAK3002 - Information Technology and Its Application

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SAK3002 IT and Its Applications

SAK3002 IT and Its Applications

Objectives of this chapter:

Describe the functions of an operating system

Identify the types of operating system

Identify utility programs

Explain the purpose of the utilities program

SAK3002 Information Technology and Its Application

SAK3002 IT and Its Applications

This chapter covers

Operating System Utility Program

SAK3002 Information Technology and Its Application

SAK3002 IT and Its Applications

Computer software is:

SAK3002 Information Technology and Its Application

SAK3002 IT and Its Applications

SAK3002 Information Technology and Its Application

SAK3002 IT and Its Applications

What is system software?

SAK3002 Information Technology and Its Application

SAK3002 IT and Its Applications

3.1 Operating System

SAK3002 Information Technology and Its Application

SAK3002 IT and Its Applications

SAK3002 Information Technology and Its Application

SAK3002 IT and Its Applications

Operating System (contd)

OS is controlled by the kernel. What is a kernel?

SAK3002 Information Technology and Its Application

SAK3002 IT and Its Applications

Operating System (contd)

The functions of an operating system

administer security manage memory

provide file management and other utilities Chapter 3

establish an Internet connection

schedule jobs and configure devices

SAK3002 Information Technology and Its Application

SAK3002 IT and Its Applications

Operating System (contd)

SAK3002 IT and Its Applications

Operating System (contd)

A personal computer boot up process

Step 4. Results of POST are

sends signal to components in system unit

compared with data in CMOS chip

accesses BIOS to start computer

configuration information and displays desktop on screen

SAK3002 Information Technology and Its Application

SAK3002 IT and Its Applications

Operating System (contd)

main functions of OS:

SAK3002 Information Technology and Its Application

SAK3002 IT and Its Applications

Operating System (contd)

Manage computer programs

only one program at a time

SAK3002 Information Technology and Its Application

SAK3002 IT and Its Applications

Operating System (contd)

SAK3002 Information Technology and Its Application

SAK3002 IT and Its Applications

Operating System (contd)