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Area Controller
Factory Level
Bus Cycle Time < 1000 ms
Cell Level
Profibus-FMS Bus Cycle Time < 100 ms
Field Level
Bus Cycle Time < 10 ms
Drive
I/O
Valves
ME 486 - Automation
Networks
Computers in a factory use Local Area Networks (LAN's), ranging from feet to miles, to communicate with each other. Devices like PLC's, CNC machines, robots, data collection devices, vision systems, etc., communicate maintenance and monitoring data, schedules, process programs, and I/O.
Reference site:
http://www.wmpenn.edu/PennWeb/Academic/ArtsTech/CompSci/Networks/LAN-Overview/Lanover.html
ME 486 - Automation
Network topologies
Star network - Central station handles all communications between computer stations. Ring network - Stations are connected in continuous ring, requiring that messages be relayed between stations until the message gets to the right station. Messages must carry a station address.
Bus network - Consists of a single transmission line to which stations attached. This type is used in Ethernets, and most commonly used in factories today.
ME 486 - Automation
Network access
Star network access - central station coordinates communication Ring and bus access - two access methods:
1) token passing
2) carrier-sensed multiple access with collision detection (CSMA/CD). In the token method a token (code) is passed from station to station, with only those stations knowing the code having the right to access the message. In the CSMA/CD method each station waits until the network is clear until it sends a message. Any failure (such as collisions with other message packets) will result in a retry.
ME 486 - Automation
Network communications
Twisted pair - Two or more copper wires twisted along length of line. Noise susceptibility, and low bandwidth, but inexpensive. Used in phone lines, but not usually in factory floor networks. Coaxial Cable - One or more strands of wire shielded by outer metal shield, then covered with insulation - high bandwidth, noise resistant, and typically used in factory networks. Fiber Optics - Continuous optical fibers of glass or other material which can transmit light - high bandwidth, impervious to noise, but expensive. Requires mode conversion between electrical mode to light mode. Wireless Wireless high frequency transmission of data.
ME 486 - Automation
ME 486 - Automation
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Serial communications
1 The UART: What it is and how it works The Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter (UART) controller is the key component of the serial communications subsystem of a computer. The UART takes bytes of data and transmits the individual bits in a sequential fashion. At the destination, a second UART reassembles the bits into complete bytes. Serial transmission is commonly used with modems and for non-networked communication between computers, terminals and other devices.
Copyright 1996 Frank Durda IV <uhclem@FreeBSD.org>, All Rights Reserved. 13 January 1996.
UART
UART
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ME 486 - Automation
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GEM (Generic Equipment Model) - generalized model that describes a recommended implementation of the SEMI Equipment Communications Standard II [SEMATECH]. It is used in communications and control of semiconductor manufacturing equipment, and provides a reference model for any type of equipment. It contains functionality that can apply to most equipment, but does not address unique requirements of specific equipment. [SEMI E30-94]
ME 486 - Automation
Network Assessment
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Explain the GEM protocol. Who are some GEM vendors (Cimetrix is one) and who are some GEM users (Motorola is one)? Who is Sematech (developed GEM spec)? Explain the Serial (RS 232, 485, etc.) protocol? What is difference between RS 232, RS 422, RS 485, etc.? Show some examples of message/packet formats using ASCII. What does ASCII stand for? What are typical network communications limitations? What is IEEE 1394? What is Ethernet? Can Ethernet be used as a real-time network?
8.
9.
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ME 486 - Automation
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Boolean algebra
+ = or
= and
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Ladder logic diagrams display the various logic elements (shown above) along horizontal lines connected to two vertical ladders.
ME 486 - Automation
Solution:
11 = momentary spring push button to signal to start the line in low speed 00 = momentary spring push button to signal to switch the line to high speed 01 = momentary spring push button to stop the line 20 = low speed load 21 = high speed load
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X1
X2 S2
X1 M M
TMR T1
T1 S3 S3 TMR T2
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High =
Motor = Relay =
0001
0500 1000
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Fieldbus I/O
Fieldbus is a generic term that describes a new digital communications network that is being used in industry to replace the existing 4-20 mA analog signal standard. The network is a digital, bi-directional, multi-drop, serial-bus communication network used to link isolated field devices, such as controllers, transducers, actuators and sensors. Bi-directional means it is a duplex port; the data can be transmitted in two directions at the same time. Multi-drop is also referred to as multi-access and it can be interpreted as a single bus with many nodes connected to it. Serial-bus means the data is transmitted serially according to RS232 or RS485 protocol. Profibus uses RS485 protocol. ME 486 - Automation
Fieldbus I/O
Most fieldbus technologies are based on the Controller Area Network (CAN) protocol developed in the late 1980's for serial communications between automobile modules with high resistance to noise and an ability to detect errors.
ME 486 - Automation
No explicit address in the messages, instead, each message carries a numeric value which controls its priority on the bus, and may also serve as an identification of the contents of the message. Elaborate error handling scheme results in retransmitted messages when they are not properly received.
Means for isolating faults and removing faulty nodes from bus.
ME 486 - Automation
Profibus Fieldbus
Profibus is a vendor-independent, open fieldbus standard for a wide range of applications in manufacturing, and process automation. Devices configured by different manufacturers can communicate without special interface adjustments. Profibus can be used for both high-speed, time-critical data transmission and extensive complex communication tasks. Profibus family consists of three compatible versions: Profibus-DP Profibus-PA Profibus-FMS
ME 486 - Automation
Profibus Fieldbus
Profibus-DP:
Designed for communication between automation control systems and distributed I/O at the device level (only card used in EAAL).
Profibus-PA:
Designed for process automation.permits sensors and actuators to be connected on one common bus. Area
Controller
Profibus-FMS:
For communication tasks at the cell level and can be used for FMS services.
Factory Level
Bus Cycle Time < 1000 ms
Cell Level
Profibus-FMS Bus Cycle Time < 100 ms
Field Level
Bus Cycle Time < 10 ms
Drive
I/O
Valves
ME 486 - Automation
Data Exchange
Signal File
(read upon CIMServer startup)
RS485
I/O Modules
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The digital input module receives signals from digital field devices (sensors, etc). The physical connection of the WAGO module is shown. The middle two wires are for the sensor power supply. The other two wires are signal input/output and signal ground.
ME 486 - Automation
I/O Assessment
1. Who are the primary PLC vendors?
2.
3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
8.
ME 486 - Automation