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o
cos 1 ; 1
2 2
1
= =
=
} }
n y m
EA
ds n
EI
ds m
} }
+
= A
EA
ds n N
EI
ds m M
P
0 0
i i A
P x V M q =
0
sin sin
0
=
i A
P V N
cos
0
0
+ =
=
X N N
y X M M
0
1
=
+ A +
t
P
A E
l X
X o
0
cos 8 cos
8
2
2
=
= =
=
M
f
l q X
N
f
l q
X
}
A
=
l
ds
EI
y
t l
X
0
2
o
}
}
=
l
l
ds
EI
y
ds
EI
y M
X
0
2
0
0
h
t
I E EI M
1
0
A
= = o
e
Axial efforts in the members of the arch
Arch
Values of c for l/f equal with
0.05 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
With 3 hinges 1.2 1.2 1.22 1.35 1.48
With 2 hinges 1.00 1.10 1.22 1.35 1.48
Fully restraint 0.70 0.75 0.80 0.85 0.90
Axial efforts in the internal members of the arch
Instability patterns of arches
The verifications regarding instability are:
-verifications for lateral or flexural-torsional buckling;
-verifications for overall buckling.
critical axial force (Euler):
( )
2 2
/ s EI N
cr
= c t
-s- equal with half of the arch length; in the case when the
ratio l/f<5 (l, the span of the arch and f, the height), s will be
considered equal with l.
-c - tabulated values depending on the end restraints of the
arch (see table) and also on the ratio l/f.
Table 6. Values of the amplifying factor c
q
q
cos
T
D
h
M
h
N N
h
M
h
N N
i
i
s
s
=
=
+ =
2
sin +
+
+
= A
d
i s
i s
A
A A
N N
D
Axial efforts in the transversal bracing
Efforts in the internal members of the transversal bracing (wind on the gable)
i i i i i i
i
i
i i i i
tg T D N N
T
D T D
= =
= =
+
sin
cos
1
1 1 1
1 1
cos cos
+ + +
+ +
= =
+ =
i i i i i i i
i i i
W D D T T
W T T
=
i
j i
W W T
1
2 /
+
+
=
1
1
1
2 /
i
j i
W W T
Details of construction-arches worldwide
Foot springs
Arches of smaller dimensions with different destinations agriculture,
commerce, light industry
Olympic Sports Structures-Athens
Roofs for great stadiums
Churches
Airport Terminal Chek Lap Kok-Corea
Chicago Railway Station Terminal