FORM 5 MODULE CHAPTER 3

COORDINATION AND RESPONSE

COORDINATION AND RESPONSE

1. An organism experiences changes in its internal and external environments all the time 2. The changes which cause responses in the body are called stimuli 3. There are two types of stimuli: a) . b) . 4. Mammals detect stimuli through highly specialised sensory cell called .. 5. . in the body carry out the responses

COORDINATION AND RESPONSE

5. When the stimuli are detected and eventually resort in an appropriate response, it is called . 6. The roles of coordination and response are carried out by two different coordinating systems, namely . and ..

puteri5578

The main component and pathway involved in detecting and responding to changes in the external environment puteri5578 5

The main component and pathway involved in detecting and responding to changes in the internal environment
puteri5578

THE ROLE OF HUMAN NERVOUS SYSTEM

Organisation of the nervous system
1. The human nervous system consist of a giant network of nerve cells or .., and nerve tissues which convey information between the sensory receptors, the organs and effectors. 2. It is divided into main subsystem: a) (CNS), consist of . and b) (PNS), consist of and ...
puteri5578 7

Human nervous system puteri5578

puteri5578

Cerebrum
Divided into two halves called the cerebral hemispheres (left and right) It is responsible for many .. abilities Control .. actions

Cerebellum
Coordinating centre for .. Situated between beneath the . and above the

puteri5578

10

Medulla oblongata
Control . actions, that is, automatic functions such as the heart beat and breathing. Reflex centre for vomiting, coughing, sneezing, hiccupping and swallowing.

Hypothalamus
Important role in .. Control centre of the system

puteri5578

11

Pituitary gland
Secretes that influence other glands and body function serve as important link between the nervous and endocrine system.

Thalamus
Responsible for sorting the incoming and outgoing information in the . Integrates the information from the .to the . by enhancing certain signals blocking others.
puteri5578 12

The spinal cord and its function

1. Contain within the 2. It is consist of matter and .. matter a) in cross section, grey matter looks like a butterfly or the letter H b) consist mainly of cell bodies of .. c) surrounded by . matter d) the white matter comprises myelin-coated axons of neurones that extend the whole length of the spinal cord 3. function:
puteri5578 13

A cross section of the spinal cord showing the white puteri5578 matter and the grey matter

14

The neurones
The nervous system is made up of millions of nerve cells called . Neurones transmit to other nerve cells, glands or muscles
puteri5578 15

Types of neurones
Neurones .(sensory) Carry sensory information from ................ cell to the and ...

puteri5578

16

Types of neurones
Neurones carry information from the or .to the .., that is the muscle or gland cells
puteri5578 17

Types of neurones
.. convey nerve impulses between the various parts of the .. and ., transmit nerve impulses between .. and ..
puteri5578 18

Structure & function of neurones

Dendrites: Axon: Synaptic terminal/knob: Cell body:
puteri5578 19

 Myelin sheath: Node of Ranvier: Pathway of nerve impulse:

puteri5578

20

The transmission of information across synapses

Synapse is the site where two ., or a .. and a .. cell communicate. The transmission of information across a synapse involve the conversion of electrical signals in the form of .. The function of synapses include controlling and integrating the transmitted by the stimulated ..
puteri5578 21

Synapse actions
When an electrical impulse reaches ., it triggers the synaptic vesicles to release into the .. The .. diffuse across the and bind to a specific proteins or . which are attach to the .. The binding of to the leads to the generation of
puteri5578

22

 Example of neurotransmitters:

puteri5578

23

Voluntary action and involuntary action

The PNS has two main function 1. It transmits signal to the .. for processing 2. It transmits responses from the to the rest of the body Voluntary actions control by .. such as walking and talking are under conscious control Involuntary actions control by ..that involve skeletal muscle allows immediate action that does not
puteri5578

24

 Example of involuntary actions:

In such circumstance when the responses to stimuli are involuntary, they are called .. The nerve pathway involved in a reflex action is called a The effectors involved in involuntary action are . and .. Involuntary actions also involve , . and
puteri5578 25

Example of reflex action: finger pricked with a sharp pin

puteri5578

26

Knee jerking

puteri5578

27

Diseases of the nervous system

Parkinsons disease
Is a progressive disorder of a that typically affect victims around the age of 60 years onwards. Parkinsons disease affect ......................................., causing or trembling of the arms, jaws legs and face Patients also have difficulty in maintaining normal and experience impaired
puteri5578 28

Alzheimer's disease
Alzheimer's disease is a ...which affect victims around the age of 60yearsonwards, causes the loss of .. and the ability to .. for oneself. Individual of Alzheimer's disease often become ., ., and their way although they are in place which are familiar to them. As their mind continue to deteriorate, patients may lose the ability to ...................................................... the cause of this disease still unknown, but the
puteri5578 29

The role of hormone in human

Endocrine system consists of a number of . that secrete . . are the chemical messenger produce by the endocrine glands. Although the hormones travel in the . of the body, they affect and influence only the specific target cell. Once the hormone binds to its target cell, the hormone cause the cell to respond in the specific manner.
puteri5578 30

The transport of hormones to target cells

puteri5578

31

The need for the endocrine system

1. The endocrine system and nervous system play important roles in maintaining homeostasis. 2. Both this system often works together.

puteri5578

32

The nervous system Control . and actions Conveys Messages are conducted via Messages are conveyed . Messages are carried between .

puteri5578

The endocrine system controls actions Conveys (hormo nes) Messages are conveyed via the .. Message are conveyed Messages are carried from the source to the destination The response or effects are
33

Endocrine system

puteri5578

34

Regulation of hormones secretion

The gland is regarded as the master endocrine gland because it secrete several hormones that control other endocrine gland Pituitary gland itself controlled by the .. Pituitary gland consist of two parts: a) . b) . The posterior pituitary contains the axons and synaptic terminals of the neurosecretory cells that originate in the hypothalamus
puteri5578 35

 Hormone secretion is secreted by 3 types: a) Signals from the .. b) Other . c) The level of .. in the body. Role of hypothalamus: a) Control secretion of hormone from . b) Serve as a link between system and .. system. c) Maintains . d) Regulates internal environment such as

The role of the hypothalamus in regulating the secretion of hormones from the pituitary gland
Hypothalamus
Posterior pituitary Anterior pituitary

ADH
Kidney tubules

oxytocin
Smooth muscle in the uterus/mammary glands

ACTH
Adrenal cortex

Growth TSH FSH & LHhormones prolactin

Thyroid Ovaries, testes
puteri5578

Bones, tissues

Mammary glands 37

puteri5578

38

Hormone secretion by signals from the nervous system

.. secrete the following hormones: a) . and oxytocin b) Hypothalamic releasing homones and . ADH & oxytocin a) Pass through the . and . cells. b) Stored in ..
puteri5578 39

 Secreted from .. into . HRH & HIH a) Carried in the . to the b) HRH stimulates the secretion of .. hormone c) HIH supress the secretion of .. hormone
puteri5578 40

Negative feedback mechanism in hormone regulation

Anterior pituitary gland
secretes Negative feedback inhibits the release of TSH

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

stimulates

Thyroid gland (TARGET GLAND)

secretes THYROXINE
puteri5578 41

Negative Feedback Mechanisms

The anterior pituitary secretes . TSH stimulates to secrete .. When the thyroxine concentration exceeds a certain level in a blood, it inhibits . production from the anterior pituitary.

puteri5578

42

The level of specific substances in the blood

Example: When the blood glucose level increase, the pancreas will produce Insulin causes an increase in the . uptake by cells. Cells either metabolise the .. or convert it into . Finally, blood glucose level turns to ..
puteri5578 43

Fight or Flight situation

The hypothalamus
Sends nerve impulse to

Adrenal medulla
secretes

Adrenaline and noradrenaline

causes

Heartbeat rate, breating rate, blood pressure, blood glucose level and metabolic activity increase
puteri5578 44

Hormonal imbalance and related diseases

Insulin a) Over secretion: b) Under secretion: Thyroxine a) Over secretion: b) Under secretion:
puteri5578 45

 Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) a) Over secretion: b) Under secretion: Growth hormone a) Over secretion: b) Under secretion:
puteri5578 46

HOMEOSTASIS IN HUMAN
is the maintenance of a relatively constant internal environment. Physical factor such as ... chemical factor are .. The excretory system Plays an important role in homeostasis The primary organs of the excretory system are the ..
puteri5578 47

Function of the kidneys

1. Regulates the and . in the body. 2. Regulate the .. and . in the blood 3. Excrete products. 4. Regulate the ............ pH Waste products excreted by the kidneys are substances that are not useful to the body such as waste products from the metabolic reaction () and foreign substances in the diet (..)
puteri5578 48

The human kidney

The kidneys filter the and form the .....which is exits the body through the ureters, urinary bladder and urethra. Urine consists of

Human kidney has two distinct region: a) Renal cortex b) Renal medulla
puteri5578 49

puteri5578

50

The nephron
a) b) c) a) b) c) The functional unit of the kidney is the . The human kidney consists of about 1 million nephrons. A nephron consists of three major parts: . . .. Renal tubule is made up of the: . .. puteri5578 ..

51

Bowmans capsule is made up of of cells surround glomerulus. Space between two layers called .. Cells that make up inner wall called .. The distal convoluted tubule join to a common . The Bowmans capsule and the both convoluted tubule located at the The loop of Henle located at the

puteri5578

52

puteri5578

Nephron

53

 1. 2. 3.

Nephron perform three basic process: . .. .. When the blood enters the .., ultrafiltration take place when the .. forces fluid through the filtration membrane into the capsular space The fluid that enters into the capsular space is called the . Glomerular filtrate contain ..are too large to pass through so it 54 remains in the blood and flow into the efferent

Ultrafiltration

Ultrafiltration in Bowmans capsule

puteri5578

55

Reabsorption
Reabsorption take place when the substance moves across the . into the .. In the , there are abundance of to generate ATP for the process of active transport that used to reabsorb .. Solute concentration in the capillary network is .., so that water moves into the blood capillary by In the ., water, sodium and chloride
puteri5578 56

 At the ., more water, sodium and chloride ions are reabsorbed. By the time, the filtrate reaches the , very little salt left and 99% of water has been reabsorbed into the . Only 1% of water in the filtrate actually leaves the body as . Some . diffuses out into the surrounding fluid and blood because of its small molecular size. Finally, about 45% of the original urea remain
puteri5578 57

Secretion
Secretion is a process in which waste and excess substances that were not initially filtered are secreted into the .. Secretion take place in the . and but is especially active at the .. Secretion occurs by .. and .. Secret substances such as .
puteri5578 58

Example: when the blood pH is low, kidney will secrete more .. when the blood potassium levels rise, the kidney will secrete .

puteri5578

59

Detected by in hypothalamus . in blood osmotic pressure

Decrease d water intake

An increased in released from posterior pituitary

Adrenal gland are not stimulated

. permeability of distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct to water .. proportion of water reabsorption in renal tubules A volume of concentration urine produced

Normal plasma osmotic level

Blood osmotic pressure ..

Increase d water intake osmotic Blood

Blood osmotic pressure ..

Stimulates adrenal gland to secrete A decreased in .

A . volume of dilute urine produced

pressure . Detected by in hypothalamus

. proportion of water reabsorption in renal tubules

permeability of distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct to water

..released from posterior pituitary

REGULATION OF ADH PRODUCTION

puteri5578

61

Notes about Kidney Dialysis: The main stages that blood passes through during the dialysis process include:
Blood enters machine from body (under pressure from radial artery). Pump (some diagrams show a roller pump) controls . and . .. added to prevent clotting. Blood passes through (equivalent to kidney nephrons). removes any gas bubbles from blood. Blood is filtered then returned to the patient's radial vein.
puteri5578 62

puteri5578

63

After meal in blood glucose level

During fasting or after exercise .. in blood glucose level

Secretion of ..

Secretion of .

Liver cells
+

Muscle cells

Liver cell
+

Adipose tissue

Adipose tissue

Blood glucose level returns to normal

BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVEL

 The regulation of body temperature

puteri5578

65

puteri5578

66

Practising a healthy lifestyle

Drugs can alter brain functions and the rates at which neurones release neurotransmitters There are some types of drug and their effects on the body:

puteri5578

67

Stimulants

Increase the activity of the Cocaine blocks the removal of pleasureinducing . Excessive usage of ecstacy cause ..

puteri5578

68

Depressants

Slow down the activity of the . .. slow down the transmission of nerve impulse affects coordination and inhibits the release of ADH from posterior pituitary

puteri5578

69

Hallucinogens causes a user to hallucinate. Narcotics mimick neurotransmitter by binding to their receptor sites. Induce feelings of , block . signal, and slow down .. Functions.

puteri5578

70

Plants hormones Plants hormones is a chemical substances which is produced by the plants and influences the growth and development of the plants. Examples . and . Auxins Auxins controlled the plants respond to stimuli by growing in a certain direction called .. Growth of shoots towards sunlight is called .. and growth of shoots away from sunlight is called .. Auxins promotes the .. of cells in the shoot.
puteri5578 71

- Produced in the .. at the tips of shoots. - Increase the rate of - Promote . The role of auxins in phototropism. - If the shoots exposed to uniform light or kept in the dark, thy will grow .. - If the plant exposed to one direction, what happen?

puteri5578

72

puteri5578

73

 The role of auxins in geotropism. - What happen if a seed is buried underground horizontally?

puteri5578

74

puteri5578

75

Ethylene
Ethylene is a plant hormones which is synthesised during the ... The synthesis of ethylene occurs in Speedup the ripening of fruits by stimulating the production of that used to hydrolyses the cellulose in plants cells walls, making the fruits soft. Promotes the breakdown of complex
puteri5578 76

THE END
puteri5578 77