Introduction to Artificial Intelligence

by

Tanu Dixit CS-3rd year

What is INTELLIGENCE???
The ability to comprehend, understand and get profit from experience.
Intelligence is the computational part of the ability to achieve goals in the world. Varying kinds and degrees of intelligence occur in people, many animals and some machines.

Artificial intelligence may be defined in a number of ways

AI refers to an algorithm or set of algorithms that can make decisions in a logical way. AI is the use of programs to enable machines to perform tasks which humans perform using their intelligence. AI is the process of inducing intelligence into the machines, artificially/externally. The branch of computer science that deal with writing computer programs that can solve problems creatively

What type of reasoning is connected with Artificial Intelligence???

The AI routine for a bad guy in a game might let him figure out how to find you. Another use of AI is to have a maze or puzzle solved automatically. Artificial Intelligence (AI) is used in games for everything from making a computer opponent behave believably like a human opponent to having automated units perform tasks in a realistic manner.

Intelligent Behavior
Learn from experience. Apply knowledge acquired from experience. Handle complex situations. Solve problems when important information is
missing.

React quickly and correctly to a new situation. Understand visual images. Process and manipulate symbols. Be creative and imaginative. Use heuristics.

GOALS
Among

the traits that researchers hope machines will eventually exhibit are:
Reasoning Knowledge Planning Learning

Communication
Perception

General

Intelligence (or, Strong AI) is the ultimate long-term goal of researchers, although it has yet to be achieved.

REQUIREMENTS
For

a potential AI unit to be considered alive or intelligent it would have to exceed its original programming.

The

AI questioning its original programming without provocation.

AI

was programmed to go beep every minute and then left alone to do so, eventually it would wonder if it was necessary to beep every minute.
The

AI being able to solve problems it was not originally programmed to solve.

This

requirement shows an ability to apply deductive reasoning without connections that have been specifically laid beforehand. It further requires the AI to draw upon all of its knowledge and skills This idea further extends to the AI making connections that it was not specifically given; applying methods to situations where the methods werent originally intended to be applied, getting results, and either discarding the results as nonsensical or realizing that they are valid.

The philosophy of artificial intelligence

Can machines think?
In

the years since it was proposed, several answers have been given:
Newell
A

and Simons physical symbol system hypothesis:

physical symbol system has the necessary and sufficient means of general intelligent action.
Claims

the essence of intelligence is symbol manipulation.

Hubert

Dreyfus argued that, on the contrary, human expertise depends on unconscious instinct rather than conscious symbol manipulation.
Turings
If

polite convention:

a machine acts as intelligently as a human being, then it is as intelligent as a human being.

This

convention forms the basis of the Turing test.

Problems of Artificial Intelligence

Deduction, Reasoning, and Problem Solving Early AI researchers developed algorithms that could imitate the process of conscious, step-by-step reasoning that human beings use when they solve puzzles or make logical deductions. By the 80s and 90s, AI research had also developed successful methods for dealing with uncertain or incomplete information by using concepts from probability and economics.

Knowledge Representation Most problems machines are expected to solve require extensive knowledge about the world. Some things that AI needs to have information on is: Objects and their Properties Categories and Relations between objects Situations and Events States Time Cause and effect Knowledge about knowledge (what we know about what other people know) Problems Default reasoning: Qualification problem:. Unconscious knowledge: Common sense knowledge:

Planning: Intelligent agents must be able to set goals and achieve them. They need a way to visualize the future. They must have a representation of the state of the world and be able to make predictions about how their actions will change it. They must also attempt to determine the utility or "value" of the choices available to it. Problem: Often, the agent assumes that it is the only thing acting on the world and it can be certain what the consequences of it's actions may be. However, if this is not true, it must periodically check if the world matches its predictions and it must change its plan as this becomes necessary, requiring the agent to reason under uncertainty.

Major Branches of AI

Perceptive system

A system that approximates the way a human sees, hears, and feels objects

Vision system

Capture, store, and manipulate visual images and pictures

Mechanical and computer devices that perform tedious tasks with high precision Stores knowledge and makes inferences

Robotics

Expert system

Learning system

Computer changes how it functions or reacts to situations based on feedback Computers understand and react to statements and commands made in a natural language, such as English

Natural language processing

Artificial intelligence

Capabilities of Expert Systems

Strategic goal setting Planning

Design
Decision making

Quality control and monitoring

Diagnosis

When to Use an Expert System

Provide a high potential payoff or significantly reduced downside risk. Capture and preserve irreplaceable human expertise. Provide expertise needed at a number of locations at the same time or in a hostile environment that is dangerous to human health.

Provide expertise that is expensive or rare. Develop a solution faster than human experts can. Provide expertise needed for training and development to share the wisdom of human experts with a large number of people.

Explanation facility

Inference engine

Knowledge base

Knowledge base acquisition facility

User interface

Experts

User

Components of an Expert System

Knowledge base Inference engine Rule Fuzzy logic Backward chaining Forward chaining

Today: The Difference Between Us and Them

ADVANTAGES (Factual Changes)

Smarter artificial intelligence promises to replace human jobs, freeing people for other pursuits by automating manufacturing and transportations. Self-modifying, self-writing, and learning software relieves programmers of the burdensome task of specifying the whole of a programs functionalitynow we can just create the framework and have the program itself fill in the rest (example: real-time strategy game artificial intelligence run by a neural network that acts based on experience instead of an explicit decision tree). Self-replicating applications can make deployment easier and less resource-intensive. AI can see relationships in enormous or diverse bodies of data that a human could not

Disadvantages (Risks)

Potential for malevolent programs, cold war between two countries, unforeseen impacts because it is complex technology, environmental consequences will most likely be minimal.

Self-modifying, when combined with selfreplicating, can lead to dangerous, unexpected results, such as a new and frequently mutating computer virus. As computers get faster and more numerous, the possibility of randomly creating an artificial intelligence becomes real. Military robots may make it possible for a country to indiscriminately attack less-advanced countries with few, if any, human casualties. Rapid advances in AI could mean massive structural unemployment AI utilizing non-transparent learning (i.e. neural networks) is never completely predictable

Applications fields of artificial intelligence

Computer science Finance Medicine Heavy industry Online and telephone customer service Transportation Music

The Future?

Idea of Artificial Intelligence is being replaced by Artificial life, or anything with a form or body. The consensus among scientists is that a requirement for life is that it has an embodiment in some physical form, but this will change. Programs may not fit this requirement for life yet.

FUTURE PROSPECTS:
Nobody has seen the future and this accounts for the unpredictability in the field of AI, what we feel that the scopes are bright for some strategy based works.

Man or the machines?

This question will be out of focus since the only thing which creates the difference between the man and the machine will be vaporized. Further when emotions will be transferred a lot of other topics can get light over which the humans have also been not able to think of.

Should we start caring yet?

Very sophisticatedperhaps even sentientAI may not be far off; with sufficient computation power (such as that offered by quantum computers) it is possible to evolve AI without much programming effort. Today, concerns include mutating viruses and the reliability of AI (you dont want software directing your car into a tree).

What should happen

When programs that appear to demonstrate sentience appear (intelligence and awareness), a panel of scientists could be assembled to determine if a particular program is sentient or not. If sentient, it will be given rights, so, in general, companies will try to avoid developing sentient AI since they would not be able to indiscriminately exploit it. Software companies should be made legally responsible for failings of software that result in damage to third parties despite good-faith attempts at control by the user. AI and robotics have the potentially to truly revolutionize the economy by replacing labor with capital, allowing greater productionit deserves a corresponding share of research funding!

Deep Blue

Deep Blue was a chess-playing computer developed by IBM. On May 11th, 1997, the machine won a six-game match by two wins to one with three draws to Garry Kasparov, the world champion. The system derived its playing strength mainly out of brute force computing power. It was a massively parallel, 30-node, RS/6000, SP-based computer system enhanced with 480 special purpose VLSI chess chips. It was capable of evaluating 200 million positions per second, twice as fast as its earlier version. In June 1997, Deep Blue was the 259th most powerful supercomputer in the world, capable of calculating 11.38 gigaflops.

A gigaflop is billion floating-point operations per second (FLOPS).

11380000000 operations per second

Deep blue as an instance was able to beat Gary kasporov, a very famous chess player. We must bring to your notice that Deep Blue is a computer which has got some of the powers of reasoning. Chess is a game which requires a lot of reasoning and strategy. And that computer has got that much of brains that fewer chances have occurred that that computer has been beaten up.

Conclusions
This must be made clear that AI is just not reasoning. Suppose someday if emotions are poured into the machines, then a lot of other working spaces will be opened. Suppose the humanoids can be sent to crche for treating those children. The level of technology will be such that those children will not be able to distinguish between humans and robots. Well, when this AI concept will come into existence, the technology will develop humans, instead of humans developing technology.