TOPICS

Chemical Bonding Naming and Writing Formulas Balancing Chemical Equations

TESSIE M. BALONGOY MST-General Science

CHEMICAL BONDS

are attractive FORCES that hold together two or more atoms or ions.

TYPES OF CHEMICAL BONDS

Ionic Bond Covalent Bond

Metallic Bond

1A

VALENCE ELECTRONS
2A 3A 4A 5A 6A

8A

7A

Number of valence electrons is equal to the GROUP number.

Electron Distribution in Electron distribution is depicted with LEWIS Molecules ELECTRON DOT STRUCTURE.
Electrons are distributed

G. N. Lewis 1875 - 1946

as: shared or BOND PAIRS and unshared or LONE PAIRS.

BOND and LONE PAIRS

Electrons are distributed as shared or BOND PAIRS and unshared or LONE PAIRS.

Cl

Unshared or lone pair

shared or bond pair

This is a LEWIS ELECTRON DOT structure.

Building a Dot Structure

Ammonia, NH3
1. Decide on the central atom; never H. Central atom is atom of lowest affinity for electrons. In ammonia, N is central 2. Count valence electrons H = 1 and N = 5 Total = (3 x 1) + 5 = 8 electrons or

4 pairs

Building a Dot Structure

3. Form a sigma bond between the central atom and surrounding atoms. 4. Remaining electrons form LONE PAIRS to complete octet as needed.

N H

H N H

3 BOND PAIRS and 1 LONE PAIR.

Note that N has a share in 4 pairs (8 electrons), while each H shares 1 pair.

Sulfite ion , SO32Step 1. Central atom = S Step 2. Count valence electrons S= 6 3 x O = 3 x 6 = 18 Negative charge = 2 TOTAL = 6 + 18 + 2 = 26 eor 13 pairs Step 3. Form sigma bonds 10 pairs of electrons are left.

O O S O

Sulfite ion , SO32- (2)

Remaining pairs become lone pairs, first on outside atoms then on central atom.
O O

Each atom is surrounded by an octet of electrons.

IONIC BOND
a bond formed by the attraction between oppositely charged ions. cation - positive ion (lost electrons) anion - negative ion (gained electrons) electrons are transferred from one atom to another. occurs between atoms of METALS and NONMETALS with very different electronegativity

ANION
A negative ion. Has gained electrons. Non metals can gain electrons. Charge is written as a superscript on the right.

-1 F -2 O

Has gained one electron

Has gained two electrons

CATIONS
Positive ions. Formed by losing electrons. More protons than electrons. Metals formed cations.

+1 Has lost one electron K +2 Has lost two electrons Ca

IONIC BONDING

1).

IONIC BOND

IONIC BONDING
Always formed between metals and non-metals
+ [NON-METALS ][METALS ]

Lost e-

Gained e-

IONIC BOND
ionic compounds are made of ions NOT MOLECULES

ionic compounds are called Salts or Crystals

COVALENT BOND
chemical bonds in which two atoms SHARE a pair of valence electrons formed by sharing electron pairs always formed between NONMETALS of similar electronegativity

COVALENT BONDS
stable, non-ionizing particles, they are not conductors at any state Examples : O2, CO2 mostly low melting/boiling points. two (2) types of covalent bonds - polar - non polar

COVALENT BOND Cont.

Non Polar - bonded atoms that share electrons equally - same atoms bonded ex. Cl Cl : Cl2 Polar - bonded atoms that do not share electrons equally - different atoms bonded H ex. H N H : NH3

Bonds in all the polyatomic ions are all covalent bonds.

COVALENT BONDS

form polyatomic ions

2. Covalent bonds - two atoms share one or more pairs of outer-shell electrons.
Oxygen Atom Oxygen Atom

Oxygen Molecule (O2)

 Ionic Bonding
forms ionic COMPOUNDS transfer of electrons

Covalent Bonding
forms MOLECULES sharing electrons

METALLIC BONDS
a bond formed by the attraction between positively charged metal ion (cation) and the shared electrons that surround it (sea of electrons).

bond found in metals which holds metal atoms together very strongly.

METALLIC BONDS
Properties - Conductivity: Good: electrons can move freely - Malleable ; lattice structure is flexible

- Lustrous, have very high melting points Examples : Fe, Al, Au, Co

CHEMICAL BONDS
Bond Type
# of es Notation Bond order

Single
2 1

Double
4 = 2

Triple
6 3

Bond strength Bond length

Increases from Single to Triple Decreases from Single to Triple

PREDICTING BOND TYPE

There are too many compounds to remember the names of them all.
Compound is made of two or more elements.

PERIODIC TABLE

More than a list of elements.

Put in columns because of similar properties.

Each column is called a group.

1A Representative 2A

elements

5A 7A 3A 4A 6A

Metals

Transition metals

Non-metals

Metalloids or Semimetals

Two Types of Compounds

MOLECULAR COMPOUNDS

Made of molecules. Made by joining nonmetal atoms together into molecules.

Two Types of Compounds

IONIC COMPOUNDS Made of cations and anions. Formed from metals and nonmetals. The electrons lost by the cation are gained by the anion. Smallest piece is a FORMULA UNIT.

Two Types of Compounds

Ionic Smallest piece Types of elements Formula Unit Molecular Molecule Nonmetals Solid, liquid or gas

Metal and Nonmetal solid

State

IONIC CHARGES OF REPRESENTATIVE ELEMENTS

1A
Li+ Na+

2A
Be2+ Mg2+

3A

4A

5A
N3-

6A
O2S2-

7A
FCl-

Al3+

P3-

K+
Rb+ Cs+

Ca2+
Sr2+ Ba2+

Se2-

BrI-

Chemical Formula

Shows the kind and number of atoms in the smallest piece of a substance.

Molecular formula- number and kinds of atoms in a molecule. CO2 C6H12O6

HOW IS CHEMICAL FORMULA DERIVED?

A)It consists of the symbols of the constituent elements. B) It indicates the number of atoms of each element, shown as a subscript. C) The molecule it represents is electrically neutral.

STEPS IN WRITING CHEMICAL FORMULA

1)Write the symbols of the elements and their oxidation numbers. Example : K+1 Zn+2 ClO-2

STEPS IN WRITING CHEMICAL FORMULA

2) If the oxidation numbers of the metal and nonmetal are numerically equal , as in K+1 and Br-1, it means that the atoms exist in the compound in a 1:1 ratio. Simply remove the oxidation numbers and you have this formula: KBr

STEPS IN WRITING CHEMICAL FORMULA

Suppose the oxidation numbers of two elements are not equal, as the one below. Zn+2 Cl-1

STEPS IN WRITING CHEMICAL FORMULA

3) Alter the number of atoms in such a way that there will be equal positive and negative charges. We do this by putting a subscript after a symbol to indicate the number of atoms of that element.

STEPS IN WRITING CHEMICAL FORMULA

For example : Zn+2 Cl-1 +2 -1 Zn+2 +2 Cl-1 2 (-1)= -2 to balance charges

ZnCl2

STEPS IN WRITING CHEMICAL FORMULA

4) The cations and anions should always exist together to form a ration in a molecule in such a way that the total positive charge is balanced by the total negative charge. When more than one polyatomic ions are in a formula unit, parentheses and subscripts are used.

STEPS IN WRITING CHEMICAL FORMULA

Example : Ba+2 (OH)2-1 +2 -1 (OH)2-1 2(-1) = -2 Ba(OH)2 to balance charges

Ba+2 +2

Naming ions
We will use the systematic way. Cation- if the charge is always the same (Group A) , just write the name of the metal.

Naming Anions
Anions are always the same. Change the element ending to ide F-1 Fluorine

Naming Anions

Anions are always the same. Change the element ending to ide F-1 Fluorin

Naming Anions

Anions are always the same Change the element ending to ide F-1 Fluori

Naming Anions

Anions are always the same Change the element ending to ide F-1 Fluor

Naming Anions

Anions are always the same Change the element ending to ide F-1 Fluori

Naming Anions

Anions are always the same Change the element ending to ide F-1 Fluoride

Naming Anions
Anions are always the same Change the element ending to ide F-1 Fluoride

 Transition

metals can have more than one type of charge.

Indicate

the charge with Roman Numerals in parenthesis.

Naming Ions
Monoatomic Ions - CATION -name of element with ion ex. (Na) Sodium (Na+) Sodium ion - ANION - name of element with the suffix ide ex. (Br) Bromine (Br-) Bromide

Naming Metals with Multiple Ions

Transition Metals - form MULTIPLE ions - in order to name the ion, use a Roman Numeral to indicate the charge ex. Cu2+ : Copper (II) , Titanium (III) : Ti3+

Polyatomic Ions
an ion made of one or more atoms that are covalently bonded and act as a unit. ex. CO3 2- , NH4+

can combine like any other ion (as a unit) ex. NH4NO3 1:1 ratio (NH4)2SO4 2:1 ratio

Naming Polyatomic Ions

ite & -ate endings - indicate the presence of oxygen (called oxyanions)

ex. Sulfate : 4 , Nitrate : 3 , Acetate : 2

Polyatomic Ions Cont.

Ion with MORE oxygen takes the ate ending. ex. SO4 - Sulfate Ion with LESS oxygen takes the ite ending. ex. SO3 - Sulfite

Polyatomic Ions Cont.

Common Polyatomic Ions

Polyatomic ions
SO4-2 Sulfite SO3-2 Carbonate CO3-2 Chromate CrO4-2

Sulfate

Phosphate Phosphite

PO4-3 PO3-3 NH4+1

Ammonium

Dichromate
Cr2O7-2

Naming Ionic Compounds

Formula to Name Name of CATION first followed by the name of the ANION. ex. NaCl : Sodium Chloride CuCl2 : Copper (II) Chloride formulas must indicate the relative number of cations and anions if transitional.

Naming Ionic Compounds

Practice Problems MgBr2 Magnesium Bromide

KI
Potassium Iodide

Fe2S3
Iron (III) Sulfide

Naming Covalent Compounds

Prefix System # of Atoms
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 mono di tri tetra penta hexa hepta octa nona deca

Prefix

Naming Covalent Compounds Cont.

Rules for the Prefix System 1. Less electronegative element is given first. It is given a prefix only if it contributes more than one atom to a molecule of the compound.

Naming Covalent Compounds Cont.

2. The second element is named by combining (a) a prefix indicating the number of atoms contributed by the atom (b) the root of the name of the second element, and (c) the ending ide.

Naming Covalent Compounds Cont.

3. The o or a at the end of a prefix is usually dropped when the word following the prefix begins with another vowel.
ex. monoxide pentoxide

Prefixes

To write the name , write two words

Prefix name

Prefix name -ide

One exception is we dont write mono- if there is only one of the first element. No double vowels when writing names (oa oo)

Naming Covalent Compounds Cont.

Naming covalent compounds from formula. 1. SiO2 Silicon dioxide 2. PBr3 Phosphorus tribromide 3. CI4 Carbon tetraiodide 4. N2O3 Dinitrogen trioxide

Writing Formulas for Covalent Compunds

Writing formulas from names. 1. Carbon Dioxide CO2 2. Dinitrogen Pentoxide N2O5 3. Triphosphorus monosulfide P3S 4. Sulfur Monobromide SBr

Naming Binary Ionic Compounds

To write the names, just name the two ions.

NaCl = Na+ Cl- = Sodium chloride MgBr2 = Mg+2 Br- = Magnesium bromide

Naming Binary Ionic Compounds

The problem comes with the transition metals. Need to figure out their charges. The compound must be neutral. same number of + and charges. Use the anion to determine the charge on the positive ion.

Naming Binary Ionic Compounds

Example : CuO Need the charge of Cu O is -2 copper must be +2 Copper (II) chloride

Name CoCl3 Cl is -1 and there are three of them = -3

Co must be +3 Cobalt (III) chloride

Writing Formula
If cations have ( ), the number is their charge. If anions end in -ide , they are probably off the periodic table (Monoatomic).

If anion ends in -ate or -ite , it is polyatomic.

Acids
Compounds that give off hydrogen ions when dissolved in water. Must have H in them. The anion determines the name.

Naming acids

If the anion attached to hydrogen ends in -ide, put the prefix hydro- and change -ide to -ic acid HCl - hydrogen ion and chloride ion ( hydrochloric acid ) H2S hydrogen ion and sulfide ion ( hydrosulfuric acid )

Naming Acids
If the anion has oxygen in it it ends in -ate of -ite change the suffix -ate to -ic acid HNO3 Hydrogen and nitrate ions (Nitric acid) change the suffix -ite to -ous acid HNO2 Hydrogen and nitrite ions (Nitrous acid)

RULES FOR NAMING IONIC COMPOUNDS

1. Cation is always named first and anion second Sodium Chloride (and not Chlorine sodide) 2. A simple cation gets its name from the name of the element 3. A simple anion gets its name by taking the first part of the element name (the root) and adding ide Chlorine ion is chloride

Many metals can have more than one type of Cation Cannot use terms like: Gold Chloride, Iron Chloride, Copper chloride TWO OPTIONS: 1. Roman Numerals used to specify the charge on the cation Fe (II) to represent Fe 2+ Fe (III) to represent Fe 3+

2. The ion with the higher charge has a name ending with ic, and the ion with the lower charge has a name ending in ous. Ferrous to represent Fe 2+ Ferric to represent Fe 3+

3. Prefixes are used to denote the number of atoms present (mono, di, tri, tetra, penta, hexa, hepta, octa) 4. The prefix mono is never used for naming the first element. Carbon monoxide not monocarbon monoxide

NAMING POLYATOMIC COMPOUNDS

They are not binary compounds. They contain more than two atoms.

CATIONS: Monoatomic (Na+, Ca 2+ ) Polyatomic (NH4+) ANIONS: Monoatomic (Cl-, O2- ) Polyatomic (SO32-, PO43-)

POLYATOMIC COMPOUNDS
ANIONS: Monoatomic (Cl-, O2- ) Polyatomic (SO32-, PO43-) OXYANIONS: Contain a given element and different numbers oxygen atoms. OXYANIONS: -ite for the one with smaller number of oxygen atoms -ate for the one with higher number of oxygen atoms

of

When there are more than two related members of such oxyanions, we use -ite for the one with smaller number of oxygen atoms -ate for the one with higher number of oxygen atoms Sulfite SO3 2Sulfate SO4 2Nitrite NO2

When there are more than two oxyanions in a series additional , prefixes are used: Hypo- for the one with the fewest oxygens Per- for the one with the most oxygens ClO - hypochlorite ClO2 - chlorite ClO3 chlorate ClO4 - perchlorate

Balancing Chemical Equations

Balancing a chemical equation is much like the work of an accountant who has to show every penny that comes in and where it has gone to.

Law of Conservation of Mass

You need to remember this law!

The Law of Conservation of Mass states that mass is neither created nor destroyed in any chemical reaction. Therefore balancing of equations requires the same number of atoms on both sides of a chemical reaction.

Law of Conservation of Mass

The number of atoms in the REACTANTS must equal the number of atoms in the PRODUCTS.

Chemical Equations

Because of the principle of the Conservation of Matter,

an equation

must be balanced.

It must have the same number of atoms of the same kind on both sides.

Law of Conservation of Mass

The mass of all the reactants (the substances going into a reaction) must equal the mass of the products (the substances produced by the reaction). Reactant + Reactant = Product

A simple equation, such as the synthesis of Iron (II) sulfide,

iron + sulfur

Iron (II) sulfide

Fe + S

FeS

Note that in a chemical equation, by convention, we use the arrow " instead of the equals = ".

The last stage is to put in state of matter symbols, (s, l, g, aq), as appropriate (solid, liquid, gas, aqueous or dissolved in water) Fe(s) + S(s) FeS(s)

Balancing Equations

___ Al(s) + ___ Br2(l) ---> ___ Al2Br6(s)

Steps in Balancing a Chemical Equation

1.

Write all reactants on the left and all products on the right side of the equation arrow. Make sure you write the correct formula for each element

2. Use coefficients in

front of each formula to balance the number of atoms on each side.

Steps to Balancing a Chemical Equation

3. Multiply the coefficient of each

element by the subscript of the element to count the atoms. Then list the number of atoms of each element on each side.

BALANCING CHEMICAL EQUATION

4. It is often easiest to start balancing with an element that appears only once on each side of the arrow. These elements must have the same coefficient. Next balance elements that appear only once on each side but have different numbers of atoms. Finally balance elements that are in two formulas in the same side.

Just like this one

Mg + O2 MgO Then all you do is list the atoms that are involved on each side of the arrow Mg + O2 MgO
Mg O Mg O

Then start balancing:

[1] Just count up the atoms on each side

Mg + O2
1 2 Mg O

MgO
1 1

[2] The numbers arent balanced so then add BIG numbers to make up for any shortages

Mg + O2 2 MgO
1
And adjust totals 2

Mg
O

1
1

2
2

But the numbers still arent equal, so add another BIG number 2 Mg + O2 2 MgO
2 1
2 And adjust totals again NOW BOTH SIDES HAVE EQUAL NUMBERS OF ATOMS

Mg
O

2
2

WE SAY THAT THE EQUATION IS BALANCED!!

Try to balance these equations using the same method:

[1]

Na + Cl2 NaCl

[2] CH4 + O2 CO2 + H2O [3] Li + HNO3 LiNO3 + H2 [4] Al + O2 Al2O3

How did you get on?? Here are the answers:

[1] 2 Na + Cl2 2 NaCl [2] CH4 + 2 O2 CO2 + 2 H2O [3] 2 Li + 2 HNO3 2 LiNO3 + H2 [4] 4 Al + 3 O2 2 Al2O3

Example

NH3 + O2 Reactants

NO + H2O Products

N appears once on both sides in equal numbers, so the coefficient for NH3 is the same as for NO.

Example: NH3 + O2

NO + H2O

Next look at H which appears only once on each side but has different numbers of atoms, 3 on the left and 2 on the right. The least common multiple of 3 and 2 is 6, so rewrite the equation to get 6 atoms of H on both sides: 2NH3 + O2 NO + 3H2O

Example: 2NH3 + O2

NO + 3H2O

There are 2 oxygen atoms on the left and 5 on the right the least common multiple of 2 and 5 is 10, so rewrite the equation as: 2NH3 + 5O2 4NO + 6H2O

Now count the atoms on each side:

2NH3 + 5O2

4NO + 6H2O

Write them out keeping them on the appropriate side of the chemical equation 2 N 4N 6 H 12 H 10 O 10 O This shows the equation not to be balanced YET

Check the number again:

If you double the N and H on the left side, the equation will be balanced:

4NH3 + 5O2

4NO + 6H2O

Double-check:

4NH3 + 5O2
4 N (nitrogen atoms) 12 H (hydrogen atoms) 10 O (oxygen atoms)

4NO + 6H2O
4 N (nitrogen atoms) 12 H (hydrogen atoms) 10 O (oxygen atoms)

The equation is already balanced.

BOND WITH A FRIEND

1. For this activity, your students will be acting as if they are positive or negative ions and forming bonds with their peers. 2.Print out Bond with a Classmate Cards sheet or create cards of various positive ions like a 1+ hydrogen or a 1- iodine.

BOND WITH A FRIEND

3.Give each student an ion card with two holes punched in it, a worksheet and a string of yarn to make a necklace out of it. 4.Students will walk around the classroom to find ions that they can bond with. For example, a person with a hydrogen card (1+) could bond with a oxygen card (2-).

BOND WITH A FRIEND

5. If that bond were to occur, the students would write down H2O and "water" down on their worksheet. 6.Have the students find all the possible bonding combinations between one another.