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wastewater treatment process of removing contaminants from wastewater, both runoff and domestic
Goals
To produce waste stream (effluent)
To produce solid waste (sludge) To discharge or reuse them back into the environment
treatment process)
Wastewater Contaminants
Suspended solids Priority pollutants: metalloids (As, Se) and metals (Cd, Hg), benzene
Effects on Agriculture;-use of wastewater and polluted surface and groundwater which contaminate crops and transmit disease to consumers and farm workers; Depositions of deleterious chemicals in soil leading to loss of soil fertility;
2.
Effects on Environment/ecosystems;-pungent smell,discolourisation; increased temps; contamination; change the pH; decreased oxygen; detergents that create a mass of white foam in the river waters; Enrichment of groundwater with salts, nutrients from irrigated lands; eutrophication/algal blooms-what is the effect on recreational activities,water treatment plants/water providers;loss of aesthetic value; Algae clogs our waterways
When water is polluted, fish and other aquatic resources can perish, which leads to a decline in fisheries production. Erosion from degraded uplands and pollution from silt and sedimentation, as well as untreated sewerage, cause productivity losses in fisheries. Silt and sedimentation are major causes for losses in fishery production. High levels of turbidity leads to economic losses;
When water is polluted, fish and other aquatic resources can perish, which leads to a decline in fisheries production. Erosion from degraded uplands and pollution from silt and sedimentation, as well as untreated sewerage, cause productivity losses in fisheries. Silt and sedimentation are major causes for losses in fishery production. High levels of turbidity leads to economic losses;
salts, desalination etc during water treatment is expensive for polluted water;
Increased salinization and salt runoff leading to salinization of major rivers.; Heavy metals cause unpleasant taste and odour to
drinking water;
magnesium can cause a build-up of minerals in pipelines/boiler scales and cause erosion and blockage problems. Water softeners and conditioners can be used in the water to reduce limescale but can be expensive.
a number of different pollutants and may cause changes in water colour and odour, some pollutants may also be harmful to human health.
Discolouration of the swimming pool water could be
due to a number of reasons. It may be dirty and cause the water to change a milky colour if the filter is inadequate or blocked. Algae contamination can also cause discolouration, black algae cause black spots to appear in the pool. Other forms of algae contaminate pools when chlorine levels are too low, these often turn the water a green colour.
Chlorine is used in many swimming pools to keep them clean. There are certain substances, such as certain types of detergents and some forms of make-up, that dont mix well with chlorine. These can cause adverse effects to human health such as skin and throat irritations.
Pond water can also become polluted with different chemicals or microbes. This can make the pond less attractive and can be harmful to aquatic life within the pond. An overgrowth of algae and accumulation of leaf debris are often the main problems with ponds in the home; UV filters are efficient at reducing algae levels in ponds and also remove decaying vegetation. These are useful for long term maintenance of your pond.
. Effects on human health; Increased incidence of tumours, ulcers due to nitrate pollution; Increased incidence of skin disorders due to contact with pollutants; Increased incidence of constipation, diarrhea, and infections to intestine; Dangerous effects on growing foetus in pregnant women; Concentration of pollutants due to bioaccumulative pesticides through secondary and tertiary food chains in case of non-vegeterians; Still births, abortions, and birth of deformed children; Blue baby disease caused by methaneglobinema-which results in asphyxia (reduced oxygen supply);Reduced activity of immune system; Loss of memory power and reduced mental sharpness; Water borne diseases like jaundice, hepatitis, gasteroenteritis, will be more prevalent due to water pollution; Reduced bone development and muscular development; Reduced male fertility; Shifts in physiological cycles of human body.
Wastewater Treatment
Pre-treatment Preliminary treatment Primary treatment Secondary treatment Tertiary treatment Sludge (biosolids) disposal
Types of treatment
Mechanical treatment
Influx (Influent) Removal of large objects Removal of sand and grit Primary Sedimentation
Biological treatment
Trickling bed filter Activated sludge
Chemical treatment
Disinfection
Pre-treatment - Occurs in business or industry prior to discharge - Prevention of toxic chemicals or excess nutrients being discharged in wastewater
businesses, and industry enters sanitary sewers Water from rainwater on streets enters storm water sewers Combined sewers carry both sanitary wastes and storm water
wastewater plant primarily by gravity flow Lift stations pump water from low lying areas over hills
Wastewater Treatment
Preliminary Treatment
- removes large objects and nondegradable materials - protects pumps and equipment from damage - bar screen and grit chamber
Bar Screen
- catches large objects that have gotten into sewer system such as bricks, bottles, pieces of wood, etc.
Grit Chamber
- removes rocks, gravel, broken glass, etc. Mesh Screen - removes diapers, combs, towels, plastic bags, syringes, etc.
Preliminary Treatment
inlet structure - a flow meter continuously records the volume of water entering the treatment plant - water samples are taken for determination of suspended solids and B.O.D.
- a measure of the amount of oxygen required to aerobically decompose organic matter in the water
treatment include
fats, oils, and greases (aka FOG) sand, gravels and rocks (aka grit)
Sand grit and stone settle Keep suspended organic matter in water
Primary Sedimentation
Tank
Remove grease, oil Fecal solid settle,
floating material rise to the surface Produce a homologous liquid for later biological treatment Fecal sludge are pumped to sludge treatment plant
of the sewage
Ex: human waste, food waste, soaps, detergent
Added bacteria and protozoa into sewage 3 different approaches Fixed film system Suspended film system Lagoon system
Three approaches
Fixed Film Systems grow microorganisms on substrates such as rocks, sand or plastic wastewater is spread over the substrate Ex: Trickling filters, rotating biological contactors
microorganism made of coke (carbonised coal), limestone chips or specially fabricated plastic media Optimize their thickness by insect or worm grazing
Suspended Film Systems stir and suspend microorganisms in wastewater settled out as a sludge pumped back into the incoming wastewater Ex: Activated sludge, extended aeration
Activated sludge
mixed community of microorganisms
Both aerobic and anaerobic bacteria may exist Biological floc is formed
aeration source
ensure that adequate oxygen is fed into the tank
secondary clarifiers
activated-sludge solids separate from the
surrounding wastewater
Activated sludge
outflow line
Pump activated sludge
Lagoon Systems hold the waste-water for several months natural degradation of sewage Usually reeds are preferred
Chlorination
Most common
UV light radiation
Damage the genetic
structure of bacteria, viruses and other pathogens. Advantages: no chemicals are used water taste more natural Disadvantages: high maintenance of the UVlamp
Ozonation
Oxidized most pathogenic microorganisms
Phosphorous removal Precipitation with iron or aluminums salt Lead to eutrophication May cause algae bloom
Sludge treatment
Primary sludge usually have strong odors
Secondary sludge have high concentration of
Aerobic digestion
Bacterial process
Need oxygen Consume organic matter Convert into carbon dioxide (CO2)
Anaerobic digestion
Bacterial process
Do not require oxygen Consume organic matter Produce biogas, which can be used in generators for
electricity
Composting
aerobic process
requires the correct
mix of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen and water with sludge Generate large amount of heat
Sludge disposal
Superheat sludge and convert into small granules that
Summary
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