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Gas Indicators
Measurement of Hydrocarbon concentration Catalytic Filament Combustible Gas indicator (CFCG) is used to measure HC gas in air at concentration below LFL. ( % LEL) Non catalytic heated filament gas indicator and Refractive Index meter used for measuring HC gas in excess of LEL or oxygen deficient (inerted) atmosphere.
Toxic gases
Chemical indicator tubes Sealed gas tube filled with proprietary filling designed to react with specific gas and to give visible indication of concentration of that gas Bellow type fixed volume displacement hand pump Color change along the length is the measure of the toxic gas
Toxic gases
Must follow manufacturers detailed instruction for correct use Pumps and tubes of same manufacture to be used Cross sensitivity of one gas with other to consult the manufacturer for detailed guidance
Measurement of Oxygen
Required to know the atmosphere in an enclosed space or cargo tanks, whether inerted or gas free Most common type of oxygen analyzer in use are: 1. Paramagnetic sensor 2. Electrolytic sensor 3. Selective chemical absorption iquids
Paramagnetic sensors
Substances having a magnetic susceptibility greater than 0 are paramagnetic. They are drawn into a magnetic field.( Substances having a negative magnetic susceptibility are diamagnetic. They are repelled out of a magnetic field ) Magnetic susceptibility is the degree of magnetization of a material in response to a magnetic field.
Paramagnetic sensors
Oxygen is strongly paramagnetic whereas most other gases are not. Sample cell has a light weight body suspended in a magnetic field. When sample gas is drawn through the cell, the suspended body experiences a torque proportional to the magnetic susceptibility of the gas.
Paramagnetic sensors
An equal and opposing torque is produced by an electric current passing through the coil wound round the suspended body. Equalizing current is a measure of magnetic force and is measure of magnetic susceptibility of the sample ie related to its oxygen content. Before use, calibrate with nitrogen or co2 to purge the sample cell for zero check and with air for 21% oxygen for span.
Paramagnetic sensors
Analyzer readings are directly proportional to the pressure in measuring cell. Calibrated for specific atmospheric pressure Reading errors can be significant for pressure variation Can avoid by reducing the sample air pressure to atmospheric pressure Filter should be clean and dry for smooth gas flow.
Electrolytic sensors
Oxygen content measured by output of an electrolytic cell Oxygen diffuses through a membrane into the cell causing current to flow between two special electrodes separated by a liquid or gel electrolyte. Current flow is related to the oxygen concentration in the sample
Electrolytic sensors
Analyzer readings are directly proportional to the pressure in the measuring cell but only small errors are caused by normal variations in atmospheric pressure. Certain gases may affect the sensor and give rise to false readings. SO2 and oxides of nitrogen if concentration more than 0.25% by volume.
Electrolytic sensors
Mercaptans and H2S can poison the sensor if levels are greater than 1% by volume. Poisoning does not occur immediately but over a period of time. For such cases, reference to be made to manufacturers instruction.