CO532 Database Systems

Lecture 4 SQL (3)

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SQL (3): this lecture

Data definition in SQL
CREATE TABLE
integrity constraints mandatory data

domain constraints
entity integrity referential integrity enterprise constraints

Views

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Reminder: the example schema

Same schema as previous lectures: customersproducts-orders

CUSTOMERS (cid, name, city, discount, contact) PRODUCTS (pid, name, city, quantity, price) ORDERS (ordno, month, cid, pid, qty)

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CO532 Database Systems

Data definition in SQL

Top level operation of creating a database depends on the DBMS being used e.g. CREATE DATABASE in PostgreSQL Various database objects exist in a database environment such as tables, views, indexes,
created and destroyed by statements such as CREATE TABLE table_name (table_definition) DROP TABLE table_name

the create table statement may include integrity constraints

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CO532 Database Systems

CREATE TABLE
Basic syntax conforms to the ISO standard in all DBMS; subclauses defining integrity constraints may vary Example: To create the customers table, specify the primary key , and apply not null constraints

CREATE TABLE customers ( cid CHAR(4) NOT NULL, name VARCHAR (20) NOT NULL, city VARCHAR (10), discount REAL, contact VARCHAR(24),
PRIMARY KEY (cid) );
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Integrity constraints
Rules formulated by the database designer May be specified as
Column constraints, as part of column specification Table constraints, after all columns specified Separate constraint statements

Can cover:
mandatory data column value constraints entity integrity referential integrity

enterprise constraints

Some constraints may have to be specified using database procedures and rules
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Constraints
Mandatory data
Specified using the NOT NULL clause in a column specification Primary keys are, by definition, NOT NULL

CHECK constraint
used to constrain the domain (data type) values of columns

Example: To create a constraint on customer discount

discount REAL CHECK (discount <= 15.00) Example: To force column values to be from a specified set

college CHAR (1) CHECK (college IN(D,E,K,R))

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Constraints
DEFAULT constraint
Specified using the DEFAULT clause in a column specification Example: To create a default value on customer discount discount REAL DEFAULT 0.0

UNIQUE constraint
used to ensure unique value in each row for non-primary keys

Example: To create a constraint on customer discount

note use of multiple constraints in this example reg_no CHAR(7) PRIMARY KEY, chassis_no VARCHAR(32) NOT NULL UNIQUE
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Entity Integrity
Primary key: a unique identifier for each row Entity integrity rule no primary key (or part thereof) should have a null value
CREATE TABLE products ( pid CHAR(3) name VARCHAR(10) city VARCHAR(10) quantity INTEGER, price REAL, PRIMARY KEY (pid) );

NOT NULL, NOT NULL, NOT NULL,

Primary keys can be composite

CREATE TABLE products ( pid CHAR(3) NOT NULL, subprodno CHAR(2) NOT NULL, name VARCHAR(10), PRIMARY KEY (prod, subprodno) );
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Referential integrity (1)

Referential integrity rule
ensures integrity of primary and foreign keys used to establish relationships between tables the value of a foreign key must be either the value of an existing primary key or null

REFERENCES clause in CREATE TABLE statement

Specifies foreign key columns in table and the related (usually primary key) in the parent table. May specify action taken on changes to the parent table options are: CASCADE SET NULL SET DEFAULT NO ACTION
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Referential integrity (2)

CREATE TABLE orders (ordno INTEGER month CHAR (3) cid CHAR(4) pid CHAR(3) NOT NULL, NOT NULL, NOT NULL, NOT NULL,

PRIMARY KEY (ordno), FOREIGN KEY (cid) REFERENCES customers (cid) ON UPDATE CASCADE ON DELETE CASCADE, FOREIGN KEY (pid) REFERENCES products (pid) );

By specifying NOT NULL for the foreign keys, we enforce a mandatory relationship. CASCADE
Whenever rows in the master (referenced) table are deleted (resp. updated), the respective rowsDatabase Systems a 2010-01-29 CO532 of the child (referencing) table with 11 matching foreign key column will get deleted (resp. updated) as well.

Enterprise Constraints
these are application dependent constraints that can be implemented in different ways:
using CHECK, DEFAULT, NOT NULL, UNIQUE clauses in the CREATE TABLE statement

using rules, triggers

rules: enable actions when a table is accessed triggers: enable actions to be performed when a table is modified

more about rules later in the module

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VIEWS (1)
tables created with CREATE TABLE statements are stored in the database and referred to as base tables
a view is a virtual table a view is a logical window on data from the base tables

the SQL statements required to generate a view are stored as a database object
no data is retrieved when a view is created, only when it is used in a query statement views reduce query complexity increase security by restricting access to parts of the database reflect changes to the base tables

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VIEWS (2)
To create a view of the agents in New York.

CREATE VIEW nycust AS SELECT * FROM customers WHERE city = New York;
When this view is used in a query, the system replaces references to the view by the definition of the view. SELECT * FROM nycust WHERE discount > 5.0;

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Summary, things to do
Lectures 2-4 covered the basics of SQL Read one of:
Connolly (4th edition):
chapter 5: SQL Data manipulation chapter 6: SQL SQL Data definition

Date (8th edition):

Chapter 4: An introduction to SQL

Ryan & Smith

Chapter 14

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