: By

GROUP : Abdul-Majeed et.al

Tow- phase flow in horizontal pipes
differs markedly from that in vertical
pipes; except for the Beggs and Brill
correlation (Beggs and Brill,1973) ,
which can be applied for any flow
direction, completely different
correlations are used for horizontal
flow than for vertical flow.

The flow regime does not affect the pressure drop as
significantly in horizontal flow as it dose in vertical flow,
because there is no potential energy contribution to the
pressure drop in horizontal flow.

The flow regime is considered in some pressure drop
correlations and can affect production operations in other
ways.

Figure 10-1 (Beggs and Brill, 1973) depicts the commonly
described flow regimes in horizontal gas-liquid flow. These
can be classified as three types of regimes: segregated
flows, in which the two phases are for the most part
separate; intermittent flows, in which gas and liquid are
alternating; and distributive flows, in which one phase is
dispersed in the other phase.

segregated flow is further classified as being stratified
smooth, stratified wavy (ripple flow), or annular. At
higher gas rates, the interface becomes wavy, and
stratified wavy flow results. Annular flow occurs at
high gas rates and relatively high liquid rates and
consists of an annulus of liquid coating the wall of the
pipe and a central core of gas flow, with liquid droplets
entrained in the gas.

The intermittent flow regimes are slug flow and plug
(also called elongated bubble)flow. Slug flow consists
of large liquid slugs alternating with high-velocity
bubbles of gas that fill almost the entire pipe. In plug
flow, large gas bubbles flow along the top of the pipe.
Distributive flow regimes described in the literature
include bubble, mist ,and froth flow.
Shown in fig. (10-2) The axes for this plot are
G
l
/ and G
l
/ G
g
, where G
l
and G
g
are the
mass fluxes of liquid and gas, respectively
(lb
m
/hr-ft
2
) and the parameters and are

= [ (g /0.075) (L /62.4) ]
1/2

= 73/L [ L (62.4/L )
2
]
1/3

Where densities are in lb
m
/ft
3
, is in cp, and

l
is in dynes/cm.

The Beggs and Brill correlation :
is based on a horizontal flow regime map
that divides the domain into the three flow
regime categories, segregated, intermittent
and distributed. This map, shown in Fig. 10-4,
plots the mixture Froude number defined as

N
Fr
= u
m
2
/ g D

Versus the input liquid fraction,
l
.


Taitel and Dukler (1976):
developed a theoretical model of the
flow regime transitions in horizontal
gas-liquid flow; their model can be used
to generate flow regime maps for
particular fluids and pipe size. Figure
10-5 shows a comparison of their flow
regime prediction with those of
Mandhane et al. for air-water flow in a
2.5-cm pipe.
Using the Baker, mandhane, and Beggs and
Brill flow regime maps, determine the flow
regime for the flow of q
o
= 2000 bbl/day of oil
and q
g
= 1MM scf/day of gas at 800 psia and
175
0
F in a 2-1/2 in. I.D. pipe. The fluids are
Given:
-for liquid: =49.92 lb
m
/ft
3
;
l
=2 cp ;

l
=30 dynes/cm; q
l
=0.130 ft
3
/sec.

-for gas: =2.61 lb
m
/ft
3
;
g
=0.0131 cp ;
Z=0.935 ; q
g
=0.242 ft
3
/sec.


-cross sectional are = (/4)*(D/12)
2

=(/4)*(2.5/12)
2
=0.0341 ft
2

u
sl
= q
l
/A = 0.13/0.0341 =3.812 ft/sec
u
sg
= q
g
/A =0.242/0.0341=7.1 ft/sec

go to fig.(10-3): the flow regime is predicted to
be slug flow.

u
m
= u
sl
+u
sg
= 10.9 ft/sec

for using Baker map, we calculation: G
l
, G
g
, , and .
G
l
= u
sl

l
= 3.81(ft/sec) * 49.92(lb
m
/ft
3
) * 3600(sec/hr)
= 6.84* 10
5
lb
m
/hr-ft
2

G
g
= u
sg

g
= 7.11(ft/sec) * 2.6(lb
m
/ft
3
) * 3600(sec/hr)
= 6.65* 10
4
lb
m
/hr-ft
2

=[(2.6/0.075)(49.92/62.4)]
1/2
= 5.27
=(73/30)[2(62.4/49.92)
2
]
1/3
= 3.56

The coordinates for the baker map are
G
g
/ =(6.65*10
4
)/5.27 = 1.26*10
4

G
l
/G
g
= (6.84*10
5
)(5.27)(3.56)/(6.65*10
4
)= 193

Reading from fig. 10-2, the flow regime is predicted to
be dispersed bubble, though the conditions are very
near the boundaries with slug flow and annular mist
flow.

For using Beggs and Brill, calculation N
Fr
,
l
.
N
Fr
= (10.9 ft/sec)
2
/(32.17ft/sec
2
)[(2.5/12)ft]
=17.8



l
=u
sl
/u
m

=3.81/10.9
= 0.35


From fig. (10-4): the flow regime is predicted
to be intermittent.

Begs and brill correlation: The Beggs and Brill
correlation presented in applied to horizontal
flow. The correlation is somewhat simplified,
since the angle is 0, making the factor
equal to 1. This correlation is presented in
section

P
total
=P
f
+P
el


Eaton correlation: The Eaton correlation (Eaton et
al., 1967) was developed empirically from a series
of tests in 2-in.- and 4-in.-diameter, 1700-ft-long
lines. It consists primarily of correlations for
liquid holdup and friction factor.





The friction factor( f ) is obtained from the
correlation shown in Fig. 10-6 as a function of the
mass flow rate of the liquid, m
l
, and the total mass
flow rate, m
m
' For the constant given in this figure
to compute the abscissa, mass flow rates are in
Ib
m
/sec, diameter is in ft, and viscosity is in lb
m
/ft-
sec.
D g
u p f
x
p
c
m m
F
2
) (
2
=
A
A
Two gas-condensate wells feed into a 4-in.
gathering line 2.10 mi long. Well A will flow at
the rate of 3 MMcfd, and well B will flow at
the rate of 1 MMcfd. The following data are
available on each well:

* Gallons per Mcf of gas The
summation of the uphill rises in
the line is 143 ft. The initial
pressure at the wells is 900 psig.
What is the pressure drop in the
line?

Gas:
Line diameter = = 0.6667 ft.
Line length = 5 5280 = 26400 ft.

= 833.3333 Mcf/hr.

Assume an average pressure in the pipeline of 1350 psig or 1365 psia.
Assume an average temperature in the pipeline of 60 F or 520 R.
Calculate the weighted average specific gravity of the commingled gas stream:
= 0.67

Calculate the gas viscosity. The molecular weight of the gas is:
M
a
=
g
28.97 = 0.67 28.97 = 19.2099
From Fig.(2.10)
1
= 0.0099 cp.

24
1000 ) 4 6 10 ( + +
=
GS
Q
12
8
) 4 6 10 (
) 80 . 0 4 ( ) 70 . 0 6 ( ) 60 . 0 10 (
+ +
+ +
=
G
S
97 . 28
a
air
a
g
M
M
M
= =
= 170.5 + 307.3 0.67 = 376 R.

= 709.6 58.7 0.67 = 670 psia.

= 1.38

= 2.04
From Fig. (2.11) /
1
= 1.36
Calculate the gas viscosity at pipeline conditions:
= 0.013464 cp.
From Fig. 2.4, Z = 0.755
376
520
= =
pc
pr
T
T
T
670
1365
= =
pc
pr
P
P
P
g pc
T 3 . 307 5 . 170 + =
g pc
P 7 . 58 6 . 709 =
36 . 1 0099 . 0
1
1
= =

G
Calculate the gas volume at pipeline conditions:




=6.776 Mcf/hr = 6776 ft
3
/hr.



Calculate the density of the gas at pipeline conditions:



= 6.2919 Lb
m
/ft
3
.

Z
T
p
Q Q
GS GPL

|
.
|

\
|

|
|
.
|

\
|
=
520
7 . 14
755 . 0
520
520
1365
7 . 14
3333 . 833
|
.
|

\
|

|
.
|

\
|
=
GPL
Q
Z T
p
S
G G

= 701 . 2
755 . 0 520
1365
67 . 0 701 . 2

=
G

Liquid:
Assume that the average composition of the
condensate is normal octane (n-C
8
H
18
).
From Table( 2-2):T
pc
= 564.22 R, P
pc
= 360.6 psia,
M
a
= 114.232 and
L
= 0.65.

=0.65 62.4 = 40.56 lb
m
/ft
3


=0.9216

= 3.785

22 . 564
520
= =
pc
pr
T
T
T
4 . 62 =
L L

6 . 360
1365
= =
pc
pr
P
P
P
From Fig. (7.11) 0.014

= 0.1496 cp.

From a plot of GPM vs. pressure (Fig. 7.17), the GPM at
1350 psig is 4 for well A , 3.125 for well B and 3.437 for
well C:
Q
LPL
= 10000 4 + 6000 3.125 + 4000 3.437 = 72498
gal/day = 403.8155 ft
3
/hr



232 . 114 014 . 0 014 . 0 = =
a L
M
1 gal/day = 0.005570023 cuf/hr

Two-phase:
Calculate , the input liquid-volume ratio:
= 0.0562

Calculate , the mixture velocity:

=20566.5996 ft
3
/hr
= 5.7134 ft/s.


Calculate , the mixture velocity:




= 0.0211 cp = 0.0000142 Lb
m
/ft-s


6776 403.8155
403.8155
+
=
+
=
GPL LPL
LPL
Q Q
Q

M
V
2 2
6667 . 0
4
6776 403.8155
4

+
=

+
= =
t t
D
Q Q
A
Q
V
GPL LPL
M
1 cuf / hr = 0.0002778 cuf / sec
TP

) 0562 . 0 1 ( 0.013464 0562 . 0 0.1496

) 1 (
+
= + =
G L TP
# Now, calculate the two-phase Reynolds number. This
is a trial and error calculation. Assume a value for , the
liquid hold-up.
Assume :

Calculate , the two-phase density:





=10.0481 Lb
m
/ft
3
.


03 . 0 =
L
R
03 . 0 1
) 0562 . 0 1 ( 6.2919
03 . 0
0562 . 0 40.56
1
) 1 (
2 2
2 2

=
L
G
L
L
TP
R R

= 2695384.271


From Fig. (7.15) : This is not a close enough
check, and the calculation must be repeated with the
new value of

0.0000142
10.0481 5.7134 6667 . 0
Re

=

=
TP
TP M
TP
V D

07 . 0 =
L
R
L
R


= 7.8565 Lb
m
/ft
3
.


= 2107491.618

From Fig.( 7.15) : This checks.
Calculate the single-phase friction factor:



= 0.00118
07 . 0 1
) 0562 . 0 1 ( 2919 . 6
07 . 0
0562 . 0 40.56
1
) 1 (
2 2
2 2

=
L
G
L
L
TP
R R

0.0000142
7.8565 5.7134 6667 . 0
Re

=

=
TP
TP M
TP
V D

07 . 0 =
L
R
32 . 0 32 . 0
) 8 2107491.61 (
125 . 0
00140 . 0
Re
125 . 0
00140 . 0 + = + =
TP
o
f
Determine the friction factor ratio
from Fig. (7.14):


Calculate the two-phase friction factor:

= 0.00298

Calculate the pressure drop due to friction:


= 13.0533 psi

516 . 2 / =
o TP
f f
516 . 2 0.00118 = =
o
TP
o TP
f
f
f f
6667 . 0 2 . 32 144
7.8565 ) 5.7134 ( 26400 0.00298 2
144
2
2
2


=


= A
D g
V L f
p
c
TP M TP
F

Next, the pressure drop due to elevation changes must
be considered.
Calculate V
SG
, then superficial gas velocity:

=19409.8691 ft
3
/hr = 5.3916 ft
3
/s.

From Fig. (7.16):
Calculate the elevation pressure drop:

=13.5482 psi

Calculate the total pressure drop:
=26.6015 psi.
2 2
6667 . 0
4
6776
4

=

=
t t
D
Q
V
GPL
SG
37 . 0 = |
144
130 56 . 40 37 . 0
144

=

= A
H
p
L
E
|
0 13.5482 13.0533 + + = A + A + A = A
A E F total
p p p p
THANK
YOU
FOR ALL


: note
two phase not found in. example