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Outline
Introduction History Pros / Cons Force Diagram Design Considerations Case Study
Problem
Induced drag
Produced by 3-D airflow around wing tips
Large for high-lift, low speed flight conditions 50% of total drag for subsonic transports opperating at high subsonic speeds
Solution
Winglets
Origins
Nature
Wingtip configuration on birds
Numerous feathers at wing tips
F.W.Lanchester
Vertical surfaces at wing tips reduced induced drag(1897) Vertical endplates produced a large reduction in drag at high lift conditions
Origins
Richard T.Whitcomb
Inspired by birds A properly cambered and angled surface could reduce the strength of trailing vortex winglets emphasize design process similar to wings
Winglets
Reduce wingtip vortices Cut back on drag up to %20* Higher cruise speed Increased fuel economy Possibly double wings lift to drag ratio * Good when wing extension is not possible
*Richard Whitcomb NASA aerodynamicist Picture courtesy of Cessna Aircraft
Proven Performance
Mission block fuel is improved approximately 4
percent (BBJ) Range increased by as much as 200 nm (BBJ) and up to 130 nm (737-800) 6.5 percent reduction in noise levels around airports on takeoff 4 percent reduction in nitrogen dioxide emissions on a 2,000-nmi flight.
Additional Thrust
The angle at which the winglets' airfoils diverge from the relative wind direction, determine the magnitude and orientation of the lift force generated by the winglet itself. By adjusting these so that the lift force points slightly forward, additional thrust is achieved Additional Thrust Inboard Force
Resultant Force
Good idea
Allow for steeper climb Good for obstacle-limited, high, hot, weightlimited, and/or noise-restricted airports Lower wing spar bending moment than wingspan extension Eye catching For the same amount of structural material, nonplanar wingtip devices can achieve a similar induced drag benefit as a planar span increase
Design Challenges
Cons Have a tendency to cause wing flutter Winglet design is very detailed and complicated Difficult to determine boundary layer effects at wingtip/winglet junction (separation, pressure gradient) Usually not in initial design
Design of Winglets
Geometry of Winglet
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Airfoil Chord distribution Height Twist Sweep Toe angle
Winglet Airfoil
Goal:
Generate enough lift while maintaining the lowest possible drag
Should not stall before wing during low speed flight Geometry driven by aerodynamic characteristics of the airfoil Limitation
Narrow chords yield low Re Re range from 1E5 to 1E6
Chord Distribution
Sizing
Too small:
Airfoil will require a large lift coefficient
Too big :
High winglet loading Causes outboard section of wing to stall prematurely
Winglet Height
Determined by the optimal induced drag and profile drag relationship
Twist/Sweep
Have similar effects on the winglet Tailor the load distribution
Toe Angle
Mounting angle
Controls overall loading on winglet Effects the load distribution on main wing Only optimum for one flight condition
Winglet Modeling
Tornado VLM code for MATLAB
Winglet Geometry
Winglet Modeling
Aircraft Configuration
dihedral = 4.6o
Winglet Modeling
Original Configuration
a = 8o
L/D = 51
Winglet Modeling
Small Version 11% drag reduction
(7% when compared to an extended wing)
8% drag reduction
(4% when compared to an extended wing)
Winglet Modeling
Large Version 22% drag reduction
(14% when compared to an extended wing)
Winglet Modeling
Side View
Conclusions
Drag reductions up to 20% Winglets only needed on designs with higher than normal induced drag Beneficial in canard configuration
References
Concept to Reality: Winglets. http://oea.larc.nasa.gov/PAIS/Concept2Reality/winglets.html Maughmer, D., Mark, Sailplane Winglet Design. Maughmer, D., Mark, The Design of Winglets for High-Performance Sailplanes, AIAA Paper 2001-2406 Melin, T., Tornado 1.23b, MATLAB code available at http://www.flyg.kth.se/divisions/aero/software/tornado/
Questions?