THIRD EDITION

HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY
AN INTEGRATED APPROACH Dee Unglaub Silverthorn, Ph.D.

Chapter 1
Introduction to Physiology

PowerPoint Lecture Slide Presentation by Dr. Howard D. Booth, Professor of Biology, Eastern Michigan University
Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

About this Chapter

What is physiology? A review of organ systems

Evolution and integration from cell to human

The concept of homeostasis is introduced Themes in Physiology The science of Physiology Experimental design

Data
Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Levels of Organization
Physiology defined: Function explains why it needs to be done Mechanism explains how it does that job Organization of life The cell is the unit of life Cells, tissues, organs, organ systems & organisms

Figure 1-1: Levels of organization and the related fields of study

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Organ Systems In Review

Circulatory

Digestive
Endocrine

Immune
Integumentary Musculoskeletal

Nervous
Reproductive Urinary
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Figure 1-2: The integration between systems of the body

Concept Mapping
Structure and function
Integration across Cells

Tissues
Organs Flow charts Follow process In sequence
Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Concept Mapping

Figure 1-3: Maps for physiology

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Evolution of Physiological Systems

Cell Intracellular fluid

Extracellular fluid
Organism Protective cells

Exchange cells
External environment

Homeostasis Defined
Emergent properties
Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 1-4: The internal and external environments

Homeostasis & Controls

External or internal change

Loss of homeostasis
Physiological attempt to correct

Sensors, integrating center

Response of cells & organs

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Homeostasis & Controls

Successful compensation

Homeostasis reestablished
Failure to compensate

Pathophysiology
Illness

Death
Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 1-5: Homeostasis

Themes in Physiology
Homeostasis
Structure/function relationships

Integration of systems
Communication Membranes & exchange Energy

Mass balance
Mass flow & resistance
Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 1-7: Mass balance in the body

Scientific Inquiry & Knowledge

Observation & experimentation Hypothesis Variables Independent Dependant Controls Data Replication Theory Models
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Human Experiments

Genetic variables Placebo effect Nocebo effect Ethics

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Formats of Experimental Design

Crossover study Blind studies Double-blind studies Double-blind crossover studies

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Time Duration of Experiments

Longitudinal studies
Prospective studies Cross sectional studies

Retrospective studies
Meta-analysis

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Representing Data-Graphs
X- axis Y- axis

Line graph
Bar graph Histogram Scatter plot Interpolation

"Best Fit" line

Figure 1-9
Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Summary
Organ systems Structures & functions The cell, the organism, the outside environment Homeostatic balancing

Review of themes: communication, energy, membranes, body compartments, flow and balance Scientific inquiry- good science
Experimental designs Representing the data
Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings