Chemical Reactions and Quantities Types of Reactions Oxidation-Reduction Reactions

Type of Reactions
Chemical reactions are classified into four general types
Combination Decomposition Single Replacement

Double Replacement

Combination (Synthesis)
Two or more elements or simple compounds combine to form (synthesize) one product A + B AB 2Mg + O2 2MgO 2Na + Cl2 2NaCl
SO3 + H2O H2SO4

Decomposition
One substance is broken down (split) into two or more simpler substances. AB
2HgO

A + B
2Hg + O2

2KClO3

2KCl + 3 O2

Learning Check R1
Classify the following reactions as 1) combination or 2) decomposition:
___A. H2 + Br2 ___B. Al2(CO3)3 2HBr Al2O3 + 3CO2

___C. 4 Al + 3C

Al4C3

Solution R1
Classify the following reactions as 1) combination or 2) decomposition:
_1_A. H2 + Br2 _2_B. Al2(CO3)3 _1_C. 4 Al + 3C 2HBr Al2O3 + 3CO2 Al4C3

Single Replacement
One element takes the place of an element in a reacting compound.
A + BC Zn + 2HCl Fe + CuSO4 AB + C ZnCl2 + H2 FeSO4 + Cu

Double Replacement
Two elements in reactants take the place of each other AB + CD
AgNO3 + NaCl

AD + CB
AgCl + NaNO3

ZnS

+ 2HCl

ZnCl2 + H2S

Learning Check R2
Classify the following reactions as 1) single replacement 2) double replacement
__A. 2Al + 3H2SO4
__B. Na2SO4 + 2AgNO3 __C. 3C + Fe2O3 Al2(SO4)3 + 3H2 Ag2SO4 + 2NaNO3 2Fe + 3CO

Solution R2
Classify the following reactions as 1) single replacement 2) double replacement
1_A. 2Al + 3H2SO4
2_B. Na2SO4 + 2AgNO3 1_C. 3C + Fe2O3 Al2(SO4)3 + 3H2 Ag2SO4 + 2NaNO3 2Fe + 3CO

Combustion
A reaction in which a compound (often carbon) reacts with oxygen
C + O2 CH4 + 2O2 C3H8 + 5O2 C6H12O6 + 6O2 CO2 CO2 + 2H2O 3CO2 + 4H2O 6CO2 + 6H2O

Learning Check R3
Balance the combustion equation

___C5H12 + ___O2

___CO2 + ___H2O

Solution R3
Balance the combustion equation

1 C5H12 + 8 O2

5 CO2 + 6 H2O

Oxidation and Reduction

Reactions that involve a loss or gain of electrons Occurs in many of the 4 types of reactions and combustion Important in food metabolism, batteries, rusting of metals

Requirements for OxidizationReduction

Electrons are transferred
Two processes occur

Oxidation = Loss of electrons (LEO)

Zn Zn2+ + 2eCu

Reduction = Gain of electrons (GER)

Cu2+ + 2e-

Balanced Red-Ox Equations

Combine the oxidation and reduction reactions to make
Loss of electrons = Gain of electrons Zn + Cu2+ + 2eZn + Cu2+ Zn2+ + 2e- + Cu Zn2+ + Cu

Gain/Loss of Hydrogen
In organic and biological reactions oxidation = Loss of H reduction = Gain of H

Learning Check R3
Identify the following as an 1) oxidation or a reduction process:
__A. __B. __C. Sn Fe3+ + 1eCl2 + 2eSn4+ + 4eFe2+ 2Cl-

Solution R3
Identify the following as an 1) oxidation or a reduction process:
1_ A. 2_ B. 2_ C. Sn Fe3+ + 1eCl2 + 2eSn4+ + 4eFe2+ 2Cl-

Learning Check R4
In light-sensitive sunglasses, UV light initiates an oxidation-reduction reaction Ag+ + ClAg + Cl A. Which reactant is oxidized 1) Ag+ 2) Cl3) Ag B. Which reactant is reduced? 1) Ag+ 2) Cl3) Cl

Solution R4
In light-sensitive sunglasses, UV light initiates an oxidation-reduction reaction Ag+ + ClAg + Cl A. Which reactant is oxidized 2) ClClCl + eB. Which reactant is reduced? 1) Ag+ Ag+ + eAg