OPEN-CHANNEL FLOW Ch-10/Ch-13

Neary/S04
1
Introduction/Application
2
Pressure vs. Open-channel flow
pressure flow
(pressure driven)
open-channel flow
(typ. gravity driven)
free-water surface
?
3
Section Parameters
Reach Length =L [L]= arbitrary horizontal distance between two
cross-sections
Bed slope = So [L/L] = -dz/dx = -(z2-z1)/L = tanu
Flow depth =y [L] = vertical distance from channel bottom to free
water surface
Depth of flow sec =d [L] = flow depth normal to flow, d=ycosu
Top width = T[L] = Width at free-surface
Flow area = A[L2] = cross-sectional area normal to flow direction
Wetted perimeter = P[L] = length of channel boundary in contact
with water
Hydraulic radius = R[L] = A/P
Hydraulic depth = D[L] = A/T
4
Types of Flow
Variation in Time?
Steady flow velocity and depth same with time
Unsteady flow velocity and depth change with time
Variation in Space?
Uniform flow velocity and depth same at every cross-section
Non-uniform flow velocity and depth vary between cross-
sections
Laminar and Turbulent ?
Laminar flow appears to be as a movement of thin layers on
top of each other
Turbulent flow appears to be packets of liquid move in
irregular paths


5
Uniform Open Channel Flow
6
7
Velocity Distribution
8
9
10
11
Types of Flow
12
The Froude Number is a dimensionless parameter proportional to the ratio of
the inertia force on an element of fluid to the weight of the fluid element -
proportional to the inertial force divided by gravitational force.
The Froude Number can be expressed as
Fr = v / (g L)1/2
where
Fr = Froude number
v = velocity of flow
g = gravity
L = characteristic length
The Froude Number is relevant in fluid dynamic problems where the weight of
the fluid is an important force.
FROUDE Number
13
The denominator of Froude No has the dimensions of
velocity and represents the speed co of a small
disturbance (wave) in still liquid.
The Froude No may be defined as the ratio of the flow
speed to wave speed.
Fr = v / co
It is similar to Mach No, which is the ratio of fluid
velocity to speed of sound.


14
Flow Classification by Froude Number
The Froude number is an important parameter that governs the
character of flow in open channels.
The flow is classified as
15
At low flow velocities (Fr<1), a small disturbance travels upstream (with
a velocity (c0 V) relative to a stationary observer) and affects the
upstream conditions. This is called tranquil or subcritical flow.
At high flow velocities (Fr >1), a small disturbance cannot travel
upstream (in fact, the wave is washed downstream at a velocity of V - c0)
and thus the upstream conditions cannot be influenced by the downstream
conditions. This is called rapid or supercritical flow, and the flow in this
case is controlled by the upstream conditions.
A surface wave travels upstream when Fr<1, is swept downstream when
Fr>1, and appears frozen on the surface when Fr =1.
The surface wave speed increases with flow depth y, and thus a surface
disturbance propagates much faster in deep channels than it does in
shallow ones.
Fr = v / (g L)1/2
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17
Governing Equations
Momentum Eqt.
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Speed of surface wave
An important parameter in the study of
open-channel flow is the wave speed c0,
which is the speed at which a surface
disturbance travels through a liquid.
Consider a long, wide channel that
initially contains a still liquid of height
y. One end of the channel is moved with
speed V, generating a surface wave of
height y propagating at a speed of c0
into the still liquid, as shown in Fig.
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Speed of surface wave
The steady-flow mass & force
balance for this control volume of
width b can be expressed as
20



Combining continuity and momentum
21
Therefore, the speed of infinitesimal surface waves is
proportional to the square root of liquid depth. Again note that
this analysis is valid only for shallow water bodies, such as
those encountered in open channels. Otherwise, the wave
speed is independent of liquid depth for deep bodies of water,
such as the oceans.
22
This phenomenon can occur downstream of a sluice gate.
The liquid approaches the gate with a subcritical velocity.
If upstream liquid level is sufficiently high, it will accelerate
the liquid to a supercritical level as it passes through the gate.
If the downstream section of the channel is not sufficiently
sloped down, it cannot maintain this supercritical velocity.
The liquid jumps up (called Hydraulic Jump) to a higher
level with a larger cross-sectional area, and thus to a lower
subcritical velocity.
The flow in rivers, canals, and irrigation systems is typically
subcritical. But the flow past sluice gates and spillways is
typically supercritical.
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Uniform Flow: The Chezy Formula
Uniform flow:
Long straight channel
Constant slope
Constant channel cross section.
Water depth is constant at y = yn
Velocity is constant at V = V0.
Let the slope be S0 = tan
is angle the bottom makes with
horizontal, considered positive for downhill
flow.
26
Uniform Flow: The Chezy Formula
f
h z
g
V
z
g
V
+ + = +
2
2
2
1
2
1
2 2
L S z z h
o f
= =
2 1
For fully developed flow, the
Darcy-Weisbach relation holds
g
V
D
f L
h
o
h
f
2
2
=
h h
R D 4 =
2
1
2
1
) ( )
8
(
o h o
S R
f
g
V =
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Uniform Flow: The Chezy Formula
The above equations are called Chezy Formulas.
The quantity C, called the Chezy coefficient, varies from
about 60 (ft1/2/s) for small rough channels to 160 (ft1/2/s) for
large smooth channels (30 to 90 (m1/2/s) in SI units).
2
1
)
8
(
f
g
C =
2
1
) (
o h o
S R C V =
2
1
) (
o h
S R CA Q =
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Uniform Flow: The Manning Roughness Correlation
Over the past century a great deal of hydraulics research has
been devoted to the correlation of the Chezy coefficient with
the roughness, shape, and slope of various open channels.
Ganguillet and Kutter in 1869
Manning in1889
Bazin in 1897
Powell in 1950
Here we confine our treatment to Mannings correlation, the
most popular.
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Uniform Flow: The Manning Roughness Correlation
1 1
2 2
1 2.51
2.0log
3.7 Re
d
d
f f
c
| |
= +
|
\ .
Since typical channels are large and rough, we would generally
use the fully rough turbulent-flow limit.
2
)
8 . 14
log 0 . 2 (

~
c
h
R
f
2
% 84
)] log( 03 . 2 2 . 1 [

+ ~
d
R
f
h
A special case, for rocky channel beds, is recommended. d84%
is the size for which 84 percent of the rocks are smaller.
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Uniform Flow: The Manning Roughness Correlation
In tests with real channels, Manning found that the
Chezy coefficient C increased approximately as the sixth
root of the channel size. He proposed the simple formula
n
R
f
g
C
h
6
1
2
1
)
8
( o = =
where n is a roughness parameter, is a unit conversion factor.
= 1.0 SI units; =1.486 BG units
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Uniform Flow: The Manning Roughness Correlation
2 / 1
3 / 2
)] ( [
0 . 1
) / (
o h o
S m R
n
s m V ~
The Manning formula for uniform-flow velocity is thus
2 / 1
3 / 2
)] ( [
486 . 1
) / (
o h o
S ft R
n
s ft V ~
S0 is dimensionless, and n is taken to be the same in both systems.
2 / 1 3 / 2
o h o
S AR
n
A V Q
o
~ =
32
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EXAMPLE 10.1
A finished-concrete 8-ft-wide rectangular channel has a bed slope
of 0.5 and a water depth of 4 ft. Predict the uniform flow rate in
ft3/s.
Solution
From Table 10.1, for finished concrete, n = 0.012.
The slope S0 = tan 0.5 = 0.00873.
For depth y = 4 ft and width b = 8 ft, the geometric properties
are
A=by=(8 ft)(4 ft)=32 ft2 ; P =b+2y=8+2(4)=16 ft;
Rh=A/P=32(ft2)/16(ft)=2.0 ft; Dh= 4Rh=8.0 ft;
From Mannings formula in BG units, the estimated flow rate is
Q=(1.486/n) A Rh2/3S01/2 =1.486/2 (32 ft2)(2.0 ft)2/3(0.00873)1/2
=590 ft3/s.
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Uniform Flow in a Partly Full Circular Pipe
Consider a partially full pipe in uniform flow.
)
2
2 sin
(
2
u
u = R A u R P 2 =
)
2
2 sin
1 (
2
u
=
R
R
h
2 / 1
3 / 2
)]
2
2 sin
1 (
2
[
o o
S
R
n
V
u o
= )
2
2 sin
(
2
u
u = R V Q
o
For a given n and slope S0, we
may plot these two relations
versus . There are two
different maxima, as follows:
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2 / 1
3 / 2
max
718 . 0
o
S R
n
V
o
=
2 / 1
3 / 8
129 . 2
o
S R
n
Q
o
=
= 128.73 degree; y=0.813D
= 151.21 degree; y=0.938D
The maximum velocity is 14 percent
more than the velocity when running
full, and similarly the maximum
discharge is 8 percent more.
Uniform Flow in a Partly Full Circular Pipe
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2 / 1
3 / 2
)]
2
2 sin
1 (
2
[
o o
S
R
n
V
u o
=
)
2
2 sin
(
2
u
u = R V Q
o
Assignment-03 Due Date: 22-03-2013
Take R=Your Class Number
So=0.01/R
n=Glass, Asphalt, Cast iron
a) Generate Vo verses , Q verses tables.
b) Plot Vo verses , Q verses .
You may use computer softwares like Excel,
Matlab, C etc.
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Efficient Trapezoidal Uniform-Flow Channels
The simplicity of Mannings formulation enables us to
analyze channel flows to determine the most efficient low-
resistance sections for given conditions.
The most common problem is that of maximizing Rh for
a given flow area and discharge.
Since, maximizing Rh for a given A is the same as
minimizing the wetted perimeter.
There is no general solution for arbitrary cross sections,
but an analysis of the trapezoid section will show the basic
results.
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Efficient Trapezoidal Uniform-Flow Channels
Consider the generalized trapezoid
of angle as in Fig. For a given
side angle , the flow area is
2
y by A o + = u o cot =
2 / 1 2
) 1 ( 2 2 o + + = + = y b W b P
2 / 1 2
) 1 ( 2 o o + + = y y
y
A
P
To minimize P, evaluate dP/dy for constant A and and set
equal to zero. The result is
] ) 1 ( 2 [
2 / 1 2 2
o o + = y A y y P o o 2 ) 1 ( 4
2 / 1 2
+ =
y R
h
2
1
=
For any angle , the most efficient cross section for uniform flow
occurs when the hydraulic radius is half the depth.
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Since a rectangle is a trapezoid with = 0, the most efficient
rectangular section is such that
To find the correct depth y, these relations must be solved in
conjunction with Mannings flow-rate formulas for the given
discharge Q.
2
2y A =
y P 4 = y R
h
2
1
=
Efficient Rectangular Uniform-Flow Channels
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Best Trapezoid Angle
y y P o o 2 ) 1 ( 4
2 / 1 2
+ =
Above equations are valid for any
value of . What is the best value
of for a given depth and area?
To answer this question, evaluate
dP/d with A and y held
constant. The result is
2 / 1 2
) 1 ( 2 o o + =
o
60
3
1
cot
2 / 1
= = = u o
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Thus the very best trapezoid section is half a
hexagon.
Similar calculations with a circular channel section
running partially full show best efficiency for a
semicircle, y=1/2D.
In fact, the semicircle is the best of all possible
channel sections.
Best Trapezoid Angle
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Numerical Problems
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Numerical Problems
44
Numerical Problems
45
Numerical Problems
46
Numerical Problems
47