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Pulmonary rehabilitation
Is an evidence based, comprehensive intervention for patients with chronic respiratory diseases who are symptomatic and often have decreased daily life activities. Integrated into the individualised treatment of the patient pulmonary rehabilitation is designed to reduce symptoms, optimise functional status, increase participation, and reduce health care costs through stabilising or reversing systemic manifestations of the disease
ATS/ERS statement on pulmonary rehabilitation (2006) American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine, 173:1390-1413
PULMONARY REABILITATION
Goals
- General : Improve physical and psychological or emotional functioning of patients in interaction with theire environment - Specific :
- Reduce symptoms - Improve activity and daily function QOL - Restore the highest level of independant function (in every day activities) - Enhance knowledge of the disease - Improve self-management
5- Chest physiotherapy
6- Education 7- Psychological aspects and support 8- Nutritional therapy 9- Nursing care
BronchoPulmonary Hygiene is
A treatment intervention employed for improving pulmonary hygiene including 1. deep breathing and coughing exercises 2. Gravity-assisted Positioning 3. Manual techniques
4. Manual hyperinflation
5. Airway suctioning 6. Mobilization
to assist in mobilizing secretions in the lungs from the peripheral airways into the more central airways so that they can be expectorated or suctioned.
Indications
Prophylactic
Pre-operative high risk surgical patient Post-operative patient who is unable to mobilize secretions Neurological patient who is unable to cough effectively Patient receiving mechanical ventilation who has a tendency to retain secretions Patients with pulmonary disease, who needs to improve bronchial hygiene
contd
Therapeutic
- Atelectasis due to secretions
- Retained secretions - Abnormal breathing pattern due to primary or
Assessment
Neurological system Cardiovascular system Respiratory system Renal system Hematological system
Gastrointestinal system
Respiratory system
Auscultation Percussion Expansion Chest X-ray Mode of ventilation Oxygen therapy Airway pressures Sputum
4. Diffusion is responsible for the moving the molecules from one area to another Diffusion of respiratory gases occurs at the alveolocapillary membrane, & the rate of diffusion can be affected by the thickness of the membrane. Increased thickness of the membrane impedes diffusion because gases take longer to transfer across. The elasticity of the lung tissue allows the lungs to stretch & fill with air during inspiration & return to a resting position after exhalation.
During inspiration => diaphragm contracts => moves downward in the thorax => intercostal muscles move the chest outward => elevating ribs & sternum => expands thoracic cavity
Expansion creates more chest space =>pressure within lungs
Air flows from area of higher pressure to lower pressure thus filling the air in the lungs Accessory muscles of respiration = pectoralis minor & sternocleidomastoid
During expiration => respiratory muscles relax => thoracic cavity decreases => stretched elastic tissue recoils => intrathoracic pressure increases (d/t compressed pulmonary space & air moves out of the respiratory tract)
Abdominal muscles = rectus abdominis, transverse abdominis, & internal & external obliques
Assessment
General Observation
Patient Position
Respiration
- Airway
ET/Tracheostomy
Ventillator Mode
Vital Signs Temperature, BP, RR, HR, ICP Tubes - NG Tube, CV line, Peripheral line, Chest tubes, Catheters Drugs
contd
Examination
Early recognition Early treatment Less medication needed Feel better faster
Difficulty breathing Chest tightness Cough interfering with activity or sleep Inability to speak in sentences Wheezing
Headache Dark circles under eyes Change in face color Change in appetite Change in activity level Retractions suprasternal supraclavicular intercostal substernal subcostal
Congestion
Sneezing Runny nose
Goals
Prevent accumulation of secretions Improve mobilization and drainage of secretions Promote relaxation to improve breathing patterns
Goals
Promote improved respiratory function Improve cardio-pulmonary exercise tolerance Teach bronchial hygiene programs to patients with chronic respiratory dysfunction
Precautions
asthamaticus
Precautions
Osteoporotic bones
Recent acute myocardial infarction, unstable vitals Immediately after tube feedings Sutures
Physiotherapy Techniques
4. Manual hyperinflation
5. Airway suctioning 6. Mobilization
Facilitates
proper respiratory functioning. Are frequently indicated for clients with restricted chest expansion like, COPD or post- chest surgery
if about to whistle and breaths out slowly and gently, tightening the abdominal muscles to exhale more effectively. to a count of 3 and exhales to a count of 7
Inhales
Diaphragmatic Breathing
Is breathing that promotes the use of the diaphragm rather than the upper chest muscles Used to increase the volume of air exchange during inspiration & expiration Requires the client to relax intercostals and accessory respiratory muscles while taking deep inspirations With practice, it reduces respiratory effort & relieves rapid, ineffective breathing Useful for clients with pulmonary disease, post-operative clients & for women in labor to promote relaxation
Procedure:
Lie down with knees slightly bent. Place one hand on the abdomen and the other on the chest.
Inhale slowly & deeply through the nose while letting the abdomen rise more than the chest.
Purse the lips. Contract the abdominal muscles & begin to exhale. Press inward & upward with the hand on the abdomen while continuing to exhale.
Repeat the exercise for 1 full minute; rest for at least 2 minutes.
Practice the breathing exercises at least twice a day for a period of 5 to 10 minutes. Progress to doing diaphragmatic breathing while upright & active.
Coughing Exercises
Forceful coughing often is less effective than using controlled or huff coughing techniques.
Cough is a sudden, audible expulsion of the air from the lungs - is a protective reflex to clear the trachea, bronchi, & lungs of irritants and secretions
Carina the point of bifurcation of the right & left main stem bronchus, is the most sensitive area for cough production
Coughing permits the client to remove secretions from both the upper & lower airways The normal series of events in cough mechanism are deep inhalation, closure of the glottis, active contraction of the expiratory muscles, & glottis opening. The effectiveness of coughing is evaluated by sputum expectoration, the clients report of swallowed sputum, or clearing of adventitious sounds by auscultation.
1.Cascade cough the client takes a slow, deep breath ad holds it for 2 seconds while contracting expiratory muscles.
The client opens the mouth & performs a series of coughs throughout exhalation; thereby coughing at progressively lowered lung volumes. This promotes airway clearance & a patent airway in clients with large volumes of sputum.
2. Huff cough stimulates a natural cough reflex & is generally effective only for clearing central airways 3. Quad cough is used for clients without abdominal muscle control (SC injuries)
While the client breathes out with a maximal expiratory effort, the client or nurse pushes inward & upward on the abdominal muscles toward the diaphragm, causing the cough.
Procedure:
After using bronchodilators treatment (if prescribed), inhale deeply and hold your breath for a few seconds. Cough twice. The first cough loosens the mucus; the second expels the secretions. For huff coughing, lean forward and exhale sharply with a huff sound. This technique helps you keep your airways open while moving secretions up & out of the lungs. Inhale by taking rapid short breaths in succession (sniffling) to prevent mucus from moving back into smaller airways.
Rest.
Try to avoid prolonged episodes of coughing because these may cause fatigue & hypoxia.
Gravity-assisted Positioning
Physiological effects of Positioning
1. Optimizes oxygen transport 2. Increases lung volumes 3. Reduces the work of breathing 4. Minimizes the work of heart 5. Enhances mucuciliary clearance (postural drainage)
a separate technique. Its just an example of positioning which has the particular aim of clearing airway secretions with the assistance of gravity.
Postural Drainage
Patients are positioned with the area to be drained the
Positioning
Positioning restores ventilation to dependent lung regions more effectively than PEEP or large tidal volumes (Froese & Bryan, 1974). Positioning has a marked influence on gas exchange because of unevenly damaged lungs (Tobin, 1994). Side lying reduces lung densities in the upper most lung (Brismar, 1985).
contd
Right side lying may be more beneficial for cardiac output than left side lying (Wong, 1998). Simply turning from supine to side lying can clear atelectasis from dependent regions (Brismar, 1985). Positioning affects lung volume Lung volume is related to the position of the diaphragm
contd
Positioning affects compliance (Wahba et al found that work of breathing is 40% higher in supine than in sitting) Positioning affects arterial oxygenation by improving V/Q mismatch (V/Q is usually mismatched if the affected lung is dependent- Gillespie et al) Bad lung up position
Positioning
Chest Maneuver
Clapping/Chest Percussion
Percussion consists of rhythmic clapping on the chest with loose wrist & cupped hand. Effect : Dislodges & loosens secretions from the lung
Hand Position
Chest Vibration
Vibrations consists of a fine oscillation of the hands directed inwards against the chest, performed on exhalation
Manual Hyperinflation
Was originally defined as inflating the lungs with oxygen and manual compression to a tidal volume of 1 liter requiring a peak inspiratory pressure of between 20 and 40 cm H2O (Med j Aust, 1972).
More recent definitions include providing a larger tidal volume than base line tidal volume to the patient (Aust j physiotherapy, 1996) and using a tidal volume which is 50% greater than that delivered by the ventilator (chest, 1994).
Indications
To aid removal of secretions To aid reinflation of atelectatic segments To assess lung compliance To improve lung compliance
Techniques
Slow deep inspiration Inspiratory hold (at full inspiration) Fast expiratory release Hand-held PEEP
Hazards of MHI
Reduction in blood pressure Reduced saturation Raised intracranial pressure Reduced respiratory drive
Contraindications
Undrained Pnuemothorax Potential bronchospasm Severe bronchospasm Gross cardiovascular instability inducing arrhythmias and hypovolaemia Unexplained Haemoptysis Patient on High PEEP
Advantages of MH
Reverses atelectasis (Lumb 2000)
al.,1999)
Disadvantages of MH
Suctioning
Suctioning is the mechanical aspiration of pulmonary secretions from a patient with an artificial airway in place. Indications Inability to cough effectively Sputum plugging To assess tube patency
Contraindications
Guidelines:
The suction catheter used must be less than half the diameter of endotracheal tube.
Hazards of suctioning
What to suction?
Nasal and oral suction Endotracheal suction Tracheostomy suction Closed-circuit suction
Mobilization
Critically Ill
Stable
Mobilization
ICU rehabilitation has been shown to accelerate recovery (oleary & coackley, 1996) Early mobilization for unconscious patients starts right from turning the patient every two hours. ( Brooks- brunn, 1995). Graded exercises can be started as soon as the patient regains consciousness.
Mobilization
Activity is required to maintain sensory input, comfort, joint mobility and healing ability (Frank et al, 1994). Activity minimizes the weakness caused by loss of up to half the patients muscle mass (Griffiths & Jones, 1999). Graded ambulation can be started depending on patients condition
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