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Haldia Refinery
FIRE
THE GREATEST BENEFACTOR TO HUMAN CIVILISATION BUT ALSO THE CRUELEST DEVASTATOR OF HUMAN LIFE, PROPERTY AND ENVIRONMENT
THE SUCCESS TO ELIMINATE / REDUCE FIRE LOSS DEPENDS ON PROPER KNOWLEDGE OF RISK AND
FIRE SCIENCE
IT CAN BE DEFINED AS THE KNOWLEDGE OF
SECURITY
LIMITED DOWNTIME
IGNITION CONTROL
FUEL CONTROL
OCCUPANT PROTECTION
1. PROVIDE RELIABLE EVACUATION TO SECURE AREA 2. PROVIDE FEATURES FOR DEFEND IN PLACES OCCUPANCY
IT IS IMPRACTICAL AND PROHIBITIVELY COSTLY TO DESIGN FIRE PROTECTION FACILITIES TO CONTROL ALL CATASTROPHIC FIRES. USUAL REQUIREMENT OF A GOOD SYSTEM IS TO PREVENT EMERGENCIES FROM DEVELOPING INTO MAJOR THREAT TO THE INSTALLATIONS AND SURROUNDINGS.
CLASS B :
LIQUIDS WHICH HAVE FLASH POINT OF 23OC AND ABOVE BUT BELOW 65OC
CLASS C:
LIQUID WHICH HAVE FLASH POINT OF 65OC AND ABOVE BUT BELOW 93OC.
EXCLUDED PETROLEUM : LIQUID WHICH HAVE FLASH POINT OF 93OC AND ABOVE.
LPG DO NOT FALL UNDER THIS CLASSIFICATION BUT FORM SEPARATE CATEGORY.
FLASH POINT
DEFINITIONS
AUTO IGNITION THE LOWEST TEMPERATURE TO WHICH A SOLID ,LIQUID OR GAS REQUIRES TO BE RAISED TO CAUSE SELF-SUSTAINED COMBUSTION WITHOUT INITIATION BY A SPARK OR FLAME.
EXPLOSIVE LIMITS EXPLOSIVE LIMITS ARE THOSE CONCENTRATIONS OF A VAPOR OR GAS IN AIR
CRUDE OIL
2. 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
HYDROGEN METHANE ETHANE PROPANE BUTANE BENZENE TOLUENE NAPHTHA GASOLINE ATF SKO
AUTO IGNITION, FLASH POINT AND EXPLOSIVE LIMITS OF SOME OF THE PETROLEUM PRODUCTS
S. NO. MATERIAL AUTO IGNITION TEMPERATUR E 256 316 262-407 485 FLASH POINT OC EXPOSING RANGE VOLUME % IN AIR LOWER LIMIT UPPER LIMIT 0.7 5 -
13 14 15 16 17 18 19
20
21 22 23
PHENOL EXTRACT
SLACK WAX MINERAL TURPENTINE OIL LPG
715
245 253.3 405-450
80
198.9 32.2 GAS
1.8
9.6
FIRE
FIRE IS A RAPID, SELF-SUSTAINED OXIDATION PROCESS ACCOMPANIED BY THE
FIRE RESULTS FROM THE COMBINATION OF FUEL, HEAT AND OXYGEN. WHEN A SUBSTANCE IS HEATED TO A CERTAIN TEMPERATURE CALLED THE IGNITION TEMPERATURE THE MATERIAL WILL IGNITE AND CONTINUE TO BURN AS LONG AS THERE IS FUEL, THE PROPER TEMPERATURE AND A SUPPLY OF OXYGEN (AIR).
FIRE TRIANGLE
OXYGEN
HEAT
FUEL
FROM THE NEIGHBOURHOOD OF THE FIRE OR BY REMOVING FIRE FORM THE MASS OF COMBUSTIBLE MATERIALS. BURNING MATERIALS TO SMALL ISOLATED POCKETS OF FIRE. SMOTHERING : SMOTHERING IS ACCOMPLISHED BY ELIMINATING OR DILUTING THE AVAILABLE OXYGEN WITH INERT GAS OR COVERING THE FUEL SURFACE BY
INDIAN STANDARDS IS:2190 CLASSIFIES THE FIRE IN FOUR CATEGORIES ACCORDING TO THE TYPE OF MATERIAL BURNING. CLASS A ; FIRES INVOLVING ORDINARY COMBUSTIBLE MATERIAL LIKE WOOD, PAPER, TEXTILES ETC. WHERE THE COOLING EFFECT OF WATER IS ESSENTIAL FOR EXTINGUISHMENTS OF FIRE. EXTINGUISHING MEDIA-WATER CLASS B : FIRES IN FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS LIKE OILS, SOLVENTS, PETROLEUM PRODUCTS, PAINTS ETC. WHERE A BLANKETING EFFECT IS ESSENTIAL TO EXTINGUISH THE FIRE. EXTINGUISHING MEDIA-FOAM, CARBON DIOXIDE, DRY CHEMICAL POWDER. CLASS C: FIRES INVOLVING GASES OR LIQUEFIED GASES IN THE FORM OF A LIQUID SPILLAGE, OR A LIQUID OR GAS LEAK. HERE IT IS NECESSARY TO DILUTE THE BURNING GAS AT A VERY FAST RATE WITH AN INERT GAS OR POWDER. EXTINGUISHING MEDIA - CARBON DIOXIDE, DRY CHEMICAL POWDER. THE BEST WAY TO EXTINGUISH SUCH FIRES IS BY STOPPING THE FLOW OF FUEL GAS TO FIRE. CONTAINER IS KEPT COOL WITH WATER SPRAY.
CLASSIFICATION OF FIRE
CLASSIFICATION OF FIRE
CLASS D : FIRES INVOLVING METALS LIKE MAGNESIUM, ALUMINUM, ZINC, POTASSIUM ETC. WHERE THE BURNING METAL IS REACTIVE TO WATER AND
CONTINUOUS REIGNITION
DIFFUSION
VAPOUR
PYROLY TIC DISTILL ATION VAPORI SATION
R A D I A T I V E F E E D B A C K
SOLID
AND/OR
OXYGEN
SOURCE OF IGNITION
INITIAL RELEASE OF ENERGY TO TRIGGER COMBUSTION (FIRE). IT IS NECESSARY TO UNDERSTAND THE SOURCES OF IGNITION AND TO ELIMINATE THEM TO PREVENT FIRES/EXPLOSIONS IN OUR REFINERY.
SOURCES OF IGNITION ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT EXAMPLE SPARKS FROM MOTORS, SWITCHES, LAMPS, HOT ELEMENTS AND ELECTRICAL DEFECTS HOT BEARINGS, MISALLIGNED OR BROKEN M/C PARTS, CHOCKING, JAMMING OF MATERIAL, POOR ADJUSTMENT CUTTING AND WELDING TORCHES GAS & OIL BURNERS PREVENTIVE MEASURES 1. 2. USE OF APPROVED EQUIPMENT FOLLOW NATION ELECTRICAL CODES PROPER MAINT.
3.
FRICTION
OPEN FLAMES
STRICT COMPLIANCE OF PRECAUTIONS STIPULATED IN THE FIRE PERMIT FOR HOT JOBS.
SOURCE OF IGNITION
SOURCES OF IGNITION EXAMPLE PREVENTIVE MEASURES
SMOKING AS IGNITION
1.
2.
SMOKING ONLY IN AREAS PERMITTED. USE OF PRESCRIBED RECEPTACLES FOR CIGARETTE BUTTS
KEEP PYROPHORIC IRON WET ARE THE TIME WHEN IT IS TAKEN OUT.
SPONTANEOUS IGNITION
1.
HOT SURFACES
1.
1.
SOURCE OF IGNITION
SOURCES OF IGNITION
EXAMPLE
PREVENTIVE MEASURES 1. 2. 3. PROPER EARTHING OF EQUIPMENT. DO NOT RESORT TO SPLASH LOADING LOADING VELOCITY SHOULD BE CONTROLLED PROPER LIGHTING ARRESTOR AND EARTH CONTINUITY.
LIGHTENING
1.
IMMEDIATE ATTACK
FIRE
FIRE BRIGADE
FIRE HAZARD EXPLOSION HAZARD ELECTRICAL HAZARD TOXIC GAS RELEASE HAZARD HAZARDOUS CHEMICAL HAZARD OIL SPILLAGE RADIATION HAZARD FALL FROM HEIGHT
Pump Fires Flange Fires Equipment / piping insulation Fire Ducts and cable Fires Storage tank Fires Pool Fire Jet Fire BLEVE UVCE Toxic Gas Release Oil spillage Flood
Fire Control
Compartmentation
Fire compartments are generally included in building design to limit fire and smoke spread .
Compartmentation
Compartment walls and floors are constructed to separate areas in a building with different uses, and to reduce the maximum likely size of fire. This places a limit on the Quantity of materials which can be consumed by a Fire.
Occupancy Load Building type or purpose Fire load Height Active Fire Systems
Exit from each Compartment to Stair case, lifts or Escape Route must have equivalent level of fire resistance.
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With the introduction of the micro-chip, address technology took a giant step.
1980s Circuit Technology 1990s Micro-Processor Technology
ISOLATOR
PS2/CMX
Elements of Fires
Every fire gives different elements to be sensed SMOKE Dark or light ? HEAT Fixed or ROR ? LIGHT UV IR ? GAS CO CO Every technology has its disadvantages
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Components
A true multi criteria detector that can smell, feel, and see its environment with intelligence using 4 sensing technologies -CO sensor -Photo sensor -Thermal sensor -IR light sensor -Time & logic functions
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A system which draws air from an area, via a pipe network, to a central detector which monitors for small amounts of smoke
Sampling pipe
VESDA
LaserPLUS
88
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FIRE PROTECTION
FIRE PROTECTION
FOLLOWING FIRE PROTECTION FACILITIES SHALL BE PROVIDED DEPENDING ON THE NATURE OF THE INSTALLATION AND RISK INVOLVED: FIRE WATER SYSTEM FOAM SYSTEM CLEAN AGENT SYSTEM CO2 SYSTEM DCP EXTINGUISHING SYSTEM DETECTION AND ALARM SYSTEM COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
FIRE FIGHTING
OBJECTIVE : TO EXTINGUISH THE FIRE WITH MINIMUM LOSS IT IS THE LAST LINE OF THE DEFENSE. IT COMES INTO FORCE WHEN THERE IS ACTUAL FIRE. MAIN PURPOSE IS TO EXTINGUISH THE FIRE WITH SUITABLE EQUIPMENT AND MATERIALS WITH AN AIM TO REDUCE DAMAGE DUE TO FIRE PORTABLE FIRE FIGHTING EQUIPMENT MOBILE FIRE FIGHTING EQUIPMENT FIXED FIRE FIGHTING SYSTEM
FIRE FIGHTING
S. NO.
1 A)
EXAMPLE OF OCCUPANCIES
OFFICES (OTHER THEN RECORD ROOM) SCHOOL CLUBS, ETC. ORDINARY RECORD ROOM TAILORING SHOP. BOOK BINDER ETC.
SCALE OF EQUIPMENT
FOR EVERY 600 M2 FLOOR AREA 1 NO. 9L WATER TYPE, MAX. DISTANCE 25 M FOR EVERY 600 M2 FLOOR AREA 2 NOS. 9L WATER TYPE MAX. DISTANCE 15 M
B)
C)
LARGE TIMBER YARDS DO + SOME EXTRA SAW MILLS HOUSE OF PROVISION AS PER LOCAL COMBUSTIBLE MATERIALS AUTHORITY.
IMPORTANT OFFICE RECORDS, LIBRARIES DATA PROCESSING WORKSHOP. GARAGE ETC. FOR EVERY 100 M2 1 NO. 4.5 KG CO2. MAX. DISTANCE -10 M 2 NOS. FOAM / DCP PER 50 M2 AREA. MAX. DISTANCE 10 M
D)
2 A)
FIRE FIGHTING
S. NO. B) TYPE OF FIRE RISK CLASS B BULK STORAGE OTHER THEN TANK FARMS EXAMPLE OF OCCUPANCIES FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS IN CAN, DRUMS ETC. SCALE OF EQUIPMENT 3 NOS. FOAM /DCP PER 100 M2 AREA. MAX. DISTANCE 10 M
3.
CLASS C
4..
CLASS D
5.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Take the utmost care while handling flammable materials. Provide special protection for major fire risks. Follow good housekeeping practices, because a clean house is a safe house. Protect the workplace hazards within and outside by having suitable construction.
8.
9.
10. Never violate fire safety laws they are meant for your protection.