Escolar Documentos
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ISO Condition
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Brayton Cycle
The Brayton Cycle defines what takes place in the gas turbine engine. These events are controlled by the physical laws described on the previous pages. The events in the Brayton Cycle take place in specific sections of the gas turbine. These events are: Compression Combustion Expansion Exhaust
The Brayton Cycle is unique among engine cycles because all the events in the cycle take place at the same time without interruption. The exhaust event is the only part of the cycle that does not take place in the engine.
The air inlet system controls the air quality and directs a steady flow of air to the compressor air inlet.
The amount and quality of air affects engine performance and reliability.
Filter Assembly
The filter assembly consists of the following parts: weather louvers inlet screens filters
The second main assembly in the air inlet system is the inlet ducting assembly which consists of the following parts: bypass door (s) inlet silencer trash screens
air plenum
Compressor Section
The purpose of the compressor section is to compress air for cooling and combustion. The compressor draws in atmospheric air through the air inlet and increases its pressure while reducing its volume.
In an axial flow compressor the air flows axially. This means that the air flows in a relatively straight path in line with the axis of the gas turbine.
The compressor case contains the rotor and the stator. The case is divided into halves. The upper half may be removed for inspection or maintenance of the rotor and stator blades while the bottom half remains in place.
Diffuser
Purpose
The diffuser is located between the compressor section and the main components of the combustion section. The purpose of the diffuser is to prepare the air for entry into the combustion section.
The front end of the diffuser is bolted to the compressor case, and the back end is attached to the combustion section.
Combustion Section
The combustion section is located between the compressor and turbine sections. The purpose of the combustion section is to add heat energy to the flowing gases. This addition of heat causes the gases to expand and accelerate into the turbine section. The hot gases that are generated by burning fuel in the combustion chambers are used to power the turbine and the load.
The main component of the combustion section is the combustion chamber (burner). A basic combustion chamber consists of the following: outer case perforated inner liner fuel injectors source of ignition
Combustion Process
Compressed air enters the combustion chamber, fuel is injected, and the fuel/air mixture is ignited and burned. The burning or combustion gases expand and travel toward a point of lower pressure at the rear of the chambers. Because high pressure compressed air surrounds the burner on all sides except the rear, the hot, expanding gases are directed toward the turbine section.
Airflow
To operate efficiently, a combustion chamber must provide: a means for proper mixing of air and fuel a way to cool the hot combustion products to a temperature the turbine section components can tolerate.
Airflow
To accomplish these actions, airflow through the combustor is divided into two air paths: primary secondary The primary air is approximately 25% of the total air that enters the chamber. Primary air is sent to the fuel nozzle area for combustion.
Air Flow
Primary & Secondary Air
About half of the primary air flows axially through the front of the combustion liner in the area of the fuel nozzles. The rest of the primary air enters radially through small holes in the front third of the combustion liner.
Air Flow
Primary & Secondary Air:
Some of this airflow also centers the flame and keeps it from contacting the combustion liner. The other half of the secondary air enters the combustion liner toward the rear. This part of the airflow dilutes the combustion gases to an acceptable temperature to improve the turbine components service life.
Turbine Section
The turbine section is located between the combustion and the exhaust sections of the engine. The purpose of the turbine section is to convert the energy of the expanding gases into mechanical energy to drive the compressor, the accessories, and the load.
Turbine Section
Turbine Section Components Like the compressor section, the turbine section consists of two major components: The stator or turbine nozzles The rotor or turbine wheel
Turbine Section
Stators & Rotors
The stators and the rotors of the turbine and compressor sections are similar in their construction. The primary difference is the angle at which the vanes, nozzles, and blades are positioned.
Contd.
Turbine Section
Turbine Nozzle
The turbine nozzle vanes have two purposes: prepare the combustion gases for driving the turbine rotor
Contd.
Turbine Section
Turbine Rotor
The energy of the gases leaving the first row of turbine nozzle vanes encounters the next major component of the turbine section, the rotor or turbine wheel. The purpose of the turbine rotor is to extract mechanical energy to operate the compressor, accessories, and load. The turbine rotor consists of the following: shaft disk blades or buckets
Turbine Section
Turbine Rotor Blades
The blades of the turbine wheel are mounted to the disk in the same manner as compressor blades are mounted to the rotor, by either fir-tree, bulb, or dove-tail type roots. This rotor and disk assembly is attached to the shaft.
Turbine Section
Nozzle Vane Assembly
Each set of stator vanes forms a nozzle vane assembly for the following turbine wheel. Exit guide vanes straighten the gas flow as it enters the exhaust section. We have looked at the purpose, function, and design features of the two main components of the turbine section, the stator and the rotor. Our next focus is on the operation or flow of gases through the turbine section.
Turbine Section
Operation:
Hot, expanding gases from each burner (or combustion chamber) flow through a transition duct to turbine nozzle vanes. The nozzle vanes direct the expanding gases into the turbine section. As you recall, the components of the compressor section convert energy by increasing the airflow pressure.
Turbine Section
Operation
In contrast, the components of the turbine section convert energy by reducing the pressure of the flowing gases. Pressure is changed to velocity by the shape and position of both the turbine stator vanes and the rotor blades.
Turbine Section
Gas Flow
The shape of the vanes causes an increase in velocity as the gases pass between the vanes. As the gases flow into the first set of vanes, the gases accelerate because the space between the vanes is converging (a funnel effect similar to the first half of the venturi tube). As Bernoulli's principle states: an increase in velocity causes a decrease in pressure
Turbine Section
Gas Flow
The gases leaving the nozzle vanes reach their maximum velocity just before they hit the first-stage turbine, causing it to rotate.
The shape of the rotor blades also accelerates the gases. At this point, the gases still have enough energy to do work. The turbine blades redirect the hot gases into the second row of nozzle vanes.
Turbine Section
Gas Flow
The process continues through each stage of the turbine section. Exit vanes reduce turbulence before the gases enter the exhaust section. This reduces backpressure on the turbine section. Approximately two-thirds of the total energy available for work in a gas turbine is used to turn the compressor.
Exhaust Section
Purpose
When the gases exit the turbine section they enter the last section of the gas turbine, the exhaust section. The exhaust section is located directly behind the turbine section of the engine.
The purpose of the exhaust section is to discharge the spent gases to the atmosphere.
Exhaust Section
Components :
The exhaust section usually consists of the following components: outer housing struts inner housing plenum
These components act as a diffuser, to reduce the turbulence and velocity of exhaust gases.
Exhaust Section
Components:
The inner housing may contain the gas turbine rear bearing assembly and over speed trip device.
The outer housing flange is used to connect the exhaust collector or plenum to the gas turbine exhaust section. The diffusion process occurs in the exhaust section as the volume is increased.
Exhaust Section
Operation:
As the exhaust gases pass through the exhaust section components:
the velocity is decreased the pressure remains relatively constant the turbulence is reduced The exhaust gases enter the atmosphere from the exhaust plenum.
Silencers
Silencers are usually installed in both the air inlet system and the exhaust section of the gas turbine to reduce operating noise. Silencing is accomplished by baffles covered with sound-absorbing material. In some air inlet ducts, the interior walls of the ducting and air plenum chambers are also lined with this sound-absorbing material.
Accessory Drives
Purpose:
Some of these accessories are the oil pumps, hydraulic pump, fuel pump, and starting means interface. The primary purpose of the accessory drive is to provide a means to drive each accessory at the proper speed and to connect and disconnect the engine from its starting device. The figure shows a typical G.E. accessory drive assembly.
Accessory Drives
G.E. Accessory Drive
The accessory drive gear is driven by a shaft that meshes with a helical gear driven by the main rotor shaft.
The gearbox is usually located at the front (forward) or the rear (aft) of the gas turbine engine, depending on the engine inlet or exhaust arrangements. G.E. describes its typical accessory drive system as the main link between the gas turbine and the drive components of the starting system.
Accessory Drives
G.E. Accessory Drive: Function
The gear drives several accessory devices that support gas turbine operation. Each drive pad is a point of potential oil leakage because of the shaft seal arrangement.
Engine oil from the lube oil pump or the hydraulic pump may leak into, or from, the accessory drive assembly through the drive shaft seal.
Accessory Drives
G.E. Accessory Drive: Function
The G.E. accessory gear also provides a mount for the turbine overspeed trip bolt mechanism. The trip bolt mechanism is mounted on the exterior case of the accessory gear. The actual overspeed trip bolt is mounted in the main or number one gear shaft. This is covered in more detail in a later lesson. The Solar accessory drive is discussed next.
Accessory Drives
Solar Accessory Drive: Function (Contd.)
On Solar gas turbines, the accessory drive is attached to the air inlet assembly. The accessory housing contains the accessory drive gears, pinion gears, and the necessary shafts and bearings. Mounting pads and gear drives are provided for the starter, lube oil pump, hydraulic oil pump, speed governor, seal oil pump, and other accessories.
Accessory Drives
Solar Accessory Drive: Function
If a particular accessory is not used, a cover plate is installed on the mounting pad. During the starting cycle, the Solar accessory gear is driven by the starter assembly.
Accessory Drives
Solar Accessory Drive: Function
A starter disengaging jaw clutch and accessory drive adapter connect the starter to a spur gear and shaft. During the start cycle, the gas turbine compressor is driven by the gear. After the starter jaw clutch disconnects, the compressor shaft drives the gear.
Bearings
The main bearings of a gas turbine engine are mounted in a bearing housing. Most bearing housings contain seals to prevent oil leakage into the gas path.
Bearings
Purpose
Bearings have several purposes. They: support engine parts minimize friction minimize wear
Bearings
The primary loads that act on main bearings are: weight of the rotating mass (compressor, turbine, etc.) axial forces of power or load change compression and tension loads between stationary parts and rotating parts caused by thermal expansion and misalignment vibration
Bearings
Plain Bearings:
There are several types of bearings used in gas turbines: plain or sleeve
Plain bearings are used in minor load locations, such as engine accessories.
Bearings
Plain Bearing Assembly
A plain bearing assembly consists of the: bearing support or bracket bearing housing or container plain or sleeve bearing During engine operation, pressurized lube oil is injected into the bearing through oil passages.
Bearings
This oil forms a film between the bearing and the surface that is being supported to prevent metal-to-metal contact. The rotating part moves on a film of lube oil instead of on the surface of the bearing.
Bearings
Ball & Roller Bearings
Ball bearings and roller bearings are called antifriction bearings because the balls and rollers minimize friction. Ball and roller bearings are commonly used because they: offer little resistance to rotation provide precise alignment of rotating parts are relatively inexpensive can withstand momentary overloads are easy to lubricate work with both radial and axial loads can endure elevated temperatures
Bearings
Ball Bearings
The main disadvantages of ball and roller bearings are that they:
are easily damaged by foreign matter fail with very little warning
A ball bearing consists of the following components: an inner and an outer race a set of polished steel balls a ball retainer
Bearings
Roller Bearings
Roller bearings also have an inner and an outer race, but use rollers rather than balls. Roller bearings are made in different shapes and sizes for both radial and thrust loads. Straight roller bearings primarily support radial loads. Tapered roller bearings support both radial and thrust loads.
Bearings
In roller bearings, the roller is located between an inner and an outer race.
When a roller is tapered, it rolls on an angled outer race. The inner races of ball and roller bearings are closely fitted to the rotor shafts to prevent movement of the shaft. Bearings designed to resist thrust in one direction have a heavier race on the side that supports the thrust.
Bearings
Types: Hydrodynamic Bearings
Hydrodynamic bearings use an oil wedge for support and to reduce friction. There are two types of hydrodynamic bearings:
radial oil-wedge
thrust oil-wedge
Bearings
Hydrodynamic Bearings: Radial Oil-Wedge
A radial oil-wedge bearing resembles a plain bearing except the bearing or bushing is divided into several sections, or pads. Each pad is able to tilt or lean. When the shaft rotates in the bearing, the pads tilt to allow wedges of oil to form between the pad and the shaft.
Bearings
Oil wedges support the shaft as it rotates and cannot be squeezed out of the bearing housing when a heavy load is imposed. The axial movement of a gas turbine rotor shaft is controlled by thrust bearings.
Bearings
A typical thrust oil-wedge bearing consists of:
a bearing housing thrust shoes a thrust collar attached to the rotating shaft The shaft is held in position by oil pressure acting against the thrust collar.
If the shaft moves, the thrust collar loading increases to prevent further movement. Hydrodynamic Bearings: Radial OilWedge
Bearings
The thrust oil-wedge bearing operates on the same principle as a radial oil-wedge bearing.
In a thrust oil-wedge bearing, the thrust shoes are positioned against leveling plates. As the thrust shoes pivot during gas turbine operation, oil wedges form between the thrust collar and the shoes. The oil wedges limit axial thrust of the rotor shaft.
Bearings
Bearing assemblies must be well supported and strong enough to support the loads imposed by the rotating rotor. Lube oil is delivered to the bearings to provide support. Information about seals is presented next. Hydrodynamic Bearings: Radial OilWedge
The main components of a Solar Centaur starting system are as follows: gas inlet strainer
pilot gas filter solenoid-operated pilot valve starter motor shutoff valve lubricator starter motors
The strainer is a Y-shaped fitting that houses a removable cylindrical "strainer" screen.
A pilot supply line branches off from the main gas supply to the starting system. This line provides pneumatic pressure to the solenoidactivated pilot valve.
The pawls , driving or holding links of a ratchet that permit motion in one direction only, are forced inward by small springs to engage the sprag clutch ratchet. At a preset engine speed, the pawls are thrown
NOTE: Always check the turbine manufacturer's fuel specifications to ensure that the fuel meets the specifications for the gas turbine you are operating. The main components of a fuel gas system and liquid fuel system are given next. We will begin with the fuel gas system.
As the shaft rotates, a layer of oil prevents the journal from physically touching the bearing.
prevents metal-to-metal contact absorbs shock, for example shock imposed on gear teeth as they mesh
The last part of this lesson focuses on the operation of a lube oil system as a complete system.
Service Procedures:
.If a hand pump is used to service lube oil, use that pump for one specific lube oil only.
Do not mix incompatible lubricants. This can result in improper lubrication of the engine. Record the amount of oil serviced.
The oil then flows from the pump to the lube oil filter.
The oil filter removes contaminant particles that are suspended in the oil.
Lube oil system operation will vary from manufacturer to manufacturer, but the components are basically the same.
lube oil reservoir oil pumps oil filters oil coolers control devices instruments and alarms
End Show
Contents
The lube oil reservoir is vented to the atmosphere to maintain an even pressure in the tank.
A flame arrestor is often installed in the vent to prevent a source of ignition from entering the reservoir. The purpose of the pressure regulator (PCV) is to control the lube oil system pressure by returning excess lube oil to the reservoir.
System protection is provided by a pressure relief valve (PSV) located at the discharge of each pump.
The lube oil pumps take suction from the oil reservoir and discharge into a common header.
The gerotor pump uses a lobe shaped drive gear inside an elliptically shaped idler gear to move oil from an intake to a discharge port.
The right side of the figure shows a complete pumping element. Several elements can be mounted on a single shaft inside the pump case.
This extra lobe allows oil to fill the one open space as it passes the intake port.
The oil moves through the pump as the pump rotates, until a minimum clearance forces the oil out through the discharge port.
The most commonly used lube oil pump is the gear pump shown in the figure on the following page.
The next topic discusses how these pumps function within the operation of a typical lube oil system.
After lubricating engine parts, the lube oil is returned to the oil reservoir.
Contd.
The postlube oil pump operates for a preset time after shutdown to provide postlubrication and to cool the engine.
( Contd.)
The filter case is shaped like a cylinder and contains replaceable filter elements.
The duplex oil filter has two filter cases. Each case contains replaceable filter elements.
Information about Solar lube oil system instruments and alarms begins on the next page with the level indicator.
Seals
To prevent leakage of oil from a narrow flow path, bearing assemblies usually contain oil seals.
The purpose of oil seals is to prevent oil from leaking from the bearing housing.
There are two types of oil seals, they are labyrinth or carbon. Both types are often used in the same seal assembly.
Seals
Types: Labyrinth Seal
The labyrinth seal is a controlledleakage device that allows minimal leakage across the seal. It also controls compressed air from the compressor section and hot gases from the turbine section that leak along the shaft. Air from the gas path outside the bearing housing bleeds inward through the grooves in the labyrinth seal. A labyrinth seal assembly consists of grooves in the seal and, in some cases, teeth in the shaft. Also provided is a vent and a drain for removal of gas and liquids.
Seals
Types: Labyrinth Seal in Bearing Housing
Seal dams formed by the teeth and grooves in the labyrinth seal allow a metered amount of air from the engine gas path to flow inward. The figure shows a typical compressor rear bearing housing arrangement. Lube oil enters at the top of the bearing housing and drains out the bottom.
( Contd.)
Seals
Labyrinth Seal in Bearing Housing:
Labyrinth seals are installed in both ends of the bearing housing with bleed air pressure against the outer surfaces of the seals.
The air flows between the teeth and grooves of the seals into the bearing housing. This prevents lube oil from leaking through the seals.
Seals
Types: Labyrinth Air-oil Seal
This figure shows a labyrinth air-oil seal arrangement with a dual labyrinth seal located on each side of the bearings. The bearing housing is contained in a cavity. The space between the bearing housing and the walls of the cavity is pressurized with bleed air from the engine compression section. This type of arrangement takes advantage of controlled bleed air across the seals. The bearing housing is vented to the atmosphere.
Seals
Types: Labyrinth Air-Oil Seal
The controlled leakage of air into the bearing housing prevents oil leakage.
Pressurized air that leaks outward along the shaft prevents gases from leaking into the bearing housing. This type of air-oil seal prevents the introduction of oil into the gas path. Oil leaking into high velocity combustion gases will damage turbine parts.
Seals
Types: Carbon Seals
Carbon seals are a blend of carbon and graphite. Carbon seals perform the same function as labyrinth seals.
The carbon seal rides on a surface while the labyrinth seal has an air space.
Carbon seals are usually spring loaded and sometimes pressurized with air. This causes a preload pressure on the carbon segment and provides a tighter seal.
Seals
Types: Carbon Seals
Carbon seals are used for greater control of the airflow entering the bearing housing. Carbon surfaces are usually stationary. A highly polished mating surface, called the seal land, is attached to the main rotor shaft. In some engines, a full contact seal is required to hold back oil that tends to puddle before it drains from the bearing housing.
The Solar gas turbine servo oil system is an electrohydraulic system that operates as a separate, closed-circuit hydraulic oil system.
Information about this system is presented next.
The actuator is operated by servo oil pressure and is controlled by the engine control system. This system is closely related to the lube oil system shown in the figure.
Contd.
The servo oil filter is between the servo oil pump and the servo actuator.
(Contd. )
The purpose of the relief valve is to protect the pump and other components in the servo oil system against excessive oil pressure.
Information about a G.E. hydraulic oil system is presented next.
Ignition System
Purpose & Components
The purpose of the ignition system is to supply a spark to ignite the fuel/air mixture in the combustion chambers. A typical ignition system consists of the following components: igniter plugs or spark plugs transformers or ignition exciter ignition leads
Ignition System
Solar Ignition System Components (Contd.)
Solar gas turbines use a torch ignition system consisting of: ignition exciter shielded cable spark plug lead spark plug The ignition exciter is mounted in a box on the gas turbine base. The exciter is connected to the spark plug by a cable or lead.
Ignition System
Solar Ignition System Components The exciter is operated by 24 volt DC power. This power is changed to AC and then is stepped up, which charges a storage capacitor. When the capacitor charge reaches its discharge value, the capacitor discharges through the spark plug cable to the spark plug. Exciter output is approximately 18,000 volts. Up to fifteen sparks per second are produced as long as the exciter is energized.
Ignition System
Components: Igniter Torch
The spark plug is installed in the igniter torch. The igniter torch extends through the combustor outer liner. A small, controlled amount of gas is sent to the tip of the spark plug electrode. The spark jumps across the spark plug electrode's air gap and ignites the gas, creating a torch flame. This torch flame flares into the combustion liner to provide positive lightoff of the fuel/air mixture in the combustor.
Ignition System
Ignition System Maintenance Procedures (Contd.)
In ignition systems, the term high intensity means that the electrical charge can be lethal.
Because the electrical charge can be lethal, ignition systems require special maintenance and handling according to the manufacturer's instructions.
Ignition System
Typical maintenance procedures include the following:
Ensure that system power is locked out before performing any maintenance on the system. To remove the igniter plug, disconnect the transformer input lead, wait the time specified by the manufacturer (usually 1 to 5 minutes), then disconnect the igniter lead and ground the center electrode to the engine to discharge the capacitor.
Ignition System
Ignition System Maintenance Procedures (Contd.)
Use caution when handling damaged transformer units that are hermetically sealed. Some transformers contain radioactive material. Before performing a firing test of igniters, ensure that the combustor is free of fuel. A fire or explosion could result.
Ignition System
Ignition System Maintenance Procedures
Do not energize the system for troubleshooting when the igniter plugs are removed. Transformer damage may occur. Discard all igniter plugs that have been dropped. Internal damage can occur that is not detectable by inspection or testing.
Use a new gasket when the plug is reinstalled. The gasket provides a good current path to ground.
The purpose of the vibration monitoring system is to help in preventing abnormal operating conditions.
The rotating shafts of any machine or gearbox have a tendency to move axially or radially as a result of speed, loads, worn internal parts, unbalance, or other reasons.
(Contd.)
Enclosure
Purpose:
The purpose of an enclosure is to protect the gas turbine/generator set from environmental elements, to improve appearances, and to reduce noise, to meet local area classifications, and to provide an easier means for fire protection and containment.
The enclosure discussed in this lesson is designed for outdoor installation and high wind loads. The enclosure is divided into compartments by bulkheads (walls). Each compartment contains lighting, access doors, and, when needed, removable panels for inspection and maintenance.
Ventilation System
Purpose:
A ventilation system is provided when a gas turbine/generator set is enclosed. The purpose of an enclosure ventilation system is to minimize temperatures in the turbine and generator compartments.
Ventilation System
Air Inlet The purpose of an enclosure air inlet system is to: take in air for ventilation of the enclosure treat the quality of inlet air to make it suitable for turbine use The main components of an enclosure air inlet system are: inlet screens weather louvers filters ducting
Ventilation System
Airflow Components
The purpose of an enclosure airflow system is to: minimize temperature in the enclosure compartments minimize hazards in the event of a fuel system failure The main components of an enclosure airflow system are as follows: dampers fans
The purpose of dampers is to control the airflow in the enclosure. Air inlet and outlet dampers are normally open. They are closed by gravity to provide an airtight enclosure when the fire protection system is activated.
Ventilation System
Exhaust Components
The purpose of an enclosure exhaust system is to return the heated air to the atmosphere. The main components of an enclosure exhaust subsystem are as follows: fans dampers screens louvers
Some enclosures have a cooling air fan installed in the exhaust or outlet duct. The outlet dampers are the fire dampers. One or more screens is installed in the outlet ducting to prevent entry of foreign matter.
Requirements:
be durable and able to resist environmental damage incorporate an accurate and effective testing system to ensure system integrity operate without special electrical equipment and require a minimum of power
The single-wire thermal switch fire/rate-of-rise detection system has heat-sensitive thermal switches located at points in the enclosure where temperatures are likely to be highest.
The switches contain a pair of contact points that are normally open. The contact points close at a preset temperature. When the switch heats up, the heat-sensitive arms with the contact points expand. The expansion is in the direction opposite the electrical terminal.
(Contd.)
The gas returns to a low pressure after the heat source is removed.
The check valve arrangement and diaphragm force the gas back into the tube, ready for another operation.
Generally, but not always, after a time delay to allow personnel to evacuate the enclosure (usually 10 seconds), the fire extinguisher agent is discharged.
The sensors detect the combustible gas concentration with air at the lower explosive limits (L.E.L.).
A 5% methane concentration with air is the lowest concentration that can be ignited. A 15% methane concentration is the highest concentration that can be ignited. Lower or higher concentrations cannot be ignited.
The fans continue to operate until the gas detection/protection system is reset and the alarm indication is cleared by the operator.
Extinguisher Systems
Purpose:
The purpose of a fire extinguishing system is to discharge concentrations of fire extinguishing agents into the enclosure compartments.
The two systems discussed in this lesson use either Halon or CO2 as the extinguishing agent. A Halon fire extinguisher system is discussed first. NOTE: Halon is being phased out worldwide. New systems will use CO2.
Extinguisher Systems
Halon Extinguisher System
Halon is a colorless, odorless, noncorrosive, and electrically non-conductive gas. After discharge, it leaves no residue and does not require clean-up. Halon is a chemical compound that inhibits combustion by reacting with oxygen in the air, so that oxygen is suppressed and no longer able to support combustion. The figure represents a typical halon extinguisher system.
Extinguisher Systems
Halon Extinguisher System: Components
The main components of a Halon fire extinguisher system are as follows: cylinders valve assembly pressure switches discharge pipes and nozzles heat (thermal) and fire (optical) detectors audible alarm (horn) monitor controller
Extinguisher Systems
Cylinders
Halon is stored in cylinders, on or near the gas turbine/generator package. The number of Halon cylinders in a system depends on the volume of the protected area.
A minimum of two cylinders is required. One cylinder supplies the initial discharge, and the other provides the extended discharge. Any signal which initiates Halon discharge also trips the turbine. (Contd. )
Extinguisher Systems
When Halon is discharged into a compartment, the initial discharge is at a rapid rate The reason for a rapid rate during initial discharge is to build an extinguishing concentration as quickly as possible.
This is followed by an extended discharge at a slower rate to maintain the extinguishing concentration and minimize the possibility of re-ignition of combustibles exposed to hot metal surfaces.
Extinguisher Systems
Cylinders
Halon cylinders are manufactured in different sizes from 18 to 600 pounds. The cylinders are purged with nitrogen and then filled with Halon. Halon cylinders are held in the upright position by mounting brackets. The cylinders should be located in an area that does not receive direct sunlight because Halon is extremely temperature sensitive. Halon cylinders should not be exposed to temperatures above 130F.
Extinguisher Systems
Cylinder Valve Assembly
A valve assembly is an integral part of each Halon cylinder. The valve is made of brass, which makes it corrosion resistant. The valve usually contains a differential piston. Differential piston operation allows the valve to discharge Halon when actuated manually, electrically, or pneumatically.
Extinguisher Systems
Cylinder Valve Assembly Operation
Halon pressure from the cylinder enters the valve assembly and rises through a bleed port that contains a ball check valve. Halon pressure acts on both sides of the piston with equal pressure in areas A and B in the figure. This pressure keeps the Halon in the cylinder because the piston seals off the discharge port. ( Contd.)
Extinguisher Systems
When the vent valve is actuated, there is a large pressure difference between the top (B) and bottom (A) areas of the valve. When the ball check valve closes the bleed port, Halon cannot flow to the top of the piston and the pressure in areas A and B are no longer equal
Extinguisher Systems
Cylinder Valve Assembly Operation
The valve is actuated by venting pressure from the top of the piston through the vent valve. When the pressure is vented, there is no downward force acting on the piston. The piston moves upward, the discharge port is opened, and Halon is released into the system. The release of Halon is initiated by valve actuators. The valve actuators are described next.
Extinguisher Systems
Discharge Pipes & Nozzles
Discharge pipes and nozzles are used to discharge extinguishing agents. Discharge pipes carry the fire extinguishing agent from the storage cylinders to the discharge nozzles. The nozzles discharge the agent into the protected zones. The nozzles are placed to ensure a concentrated discharge in all parts of the protected zone.
An example of a monitor controller is shown in the figure. The controller illustrated is typical of a monitor controller for an optical fire detection system with two independent types of detectors. A signal is sent to the controller only when both detectors sense a fire simultaneously.
( Contd. )
To reduce the oxygen content, a quantity of CO2 equal to or greater than 34% of the compartment volume is discharged into the compartment in 1 minute.
( Contd.)
Actuation of the system, either automatically or manually, will trip the turbine.
( Contd.)
This concentration is maintained by the gradual addition of more CO2 from the extended discharge system, compensating for compartment leakage.
CO2 flow rate is controlled by the orifices in the discharge nozzles.
The discussion about extinguisher systems continues with a description of the operation of a typical fire extinguisher system.
Optical detectors usually have a response time of less than 5 seconds and an 80 degree field of vision. ( Contd.)
Extinguishing agent pressure unlatches the ventilation dampers in the turbine and generator.
Control Loops
The Speedtronic control system consists of three major control loops: start-up and shutdown speed temperature The output of these control loops is connected to a minimum value select logic circuit.
Contd.
Control Loops
The minimum value select logic circuit interfaces the speed, temperature, and start-up control output signals to FSR for fuel control.
Only the control segment (e.g., start-up, speed, or temperature) calling for the lowest voltage output is allowed to pass the gate to the fuel control system as controlling FSR voltage. FSR control is the command signal for fuel.
A minimum speed detector indicates that the turbine has reached the minimum firing speed before ignition.
The acceleration speed relay indicates that the turbine has reached approximately 40% to 50% speed in the acceleration cycle. The high-speed sensor indicates that the turbine is at operating speed and that the accelerating sequence is complete.
Protective System
The increased firing temperature improves turbine efficiency, but the control system must prevent overfiring the machine. This is accomplished by the control system lowering the temperature control point. Protection systems are also provided to prevent abnormal conditions that can damage the turbine. Contd.
Protective System
These control and protective systems are independent systems that back up the primary control systems.
The protective systems will trip the machine when overspeed or overtemperature trip conditions occur.
The over-temperature system protects the gas turbine against possible damage caused by overfiring. It is a backup system that operates only after failure of the temperature control loops.
System Operation
Start-up Sequence:
1) The start-up sequence of the fuel system is initiated when the start switch is pressed. 2) The load/speed sensing control unit (governor) is energized. 3) A signal is transmitted to the electrohydraulic servo actuator. The actuator retracts and moves the fuel control linkage toward the maximum fuel position when servo oil pressure builds up. This action moves the metering valve lever from the minimum fuel stop position. This also allows the acceleration limiter to progressively enrich the fuel and air mixture in accordance with the acceleration schedule.
System Operation
Start-Up Sequence:
Engine temperature control is offset during start-up. The impending high temperature alarm and high turbine temperature shutdown setpoints are temporarily increased approximately 50F. During the start-up sequence when the engine is operating between 0% and 15% speed, the liquid fuel purge solenoid valve is energized and remains open until 10 seconds after 15% engine speed is reached. The electric liquid fuel boost pumps are energized, if used.
System Operation
Start-Up Sequence:
The air assist solenoid-operated shutoff valve is energized (opened). As the engine accelerates, the fuel pressure, Pcd, and engine oil pressure increases. If 15% engine speed is not reached in 30 seconds after starters begin to crank, engine shutdown is initiated and FAIL TO CRANK malfunction is indicated. The run sequence of fuel system operation is discussed next.
System Operation
Run Sequence:
At 15% engine speed plus 10 seconds:
1) The Pcd bleed valve opens and begins to act on the acceleration limiter. 2) The purge valve closes. 3) The torch valve and the fuel valve open. 4) The electric motor-driven main fuel pump starts, if used. 5) The ignition relay and ignition exciter are energized. Spark plug starts firing. 6) Fuel flows through the torch valve to the torch. (Contd.)
System Operation
Run Sequence:
7) Torch fuel is atomized by air assist pressure and is ignited in combustion air. 8) Metered fuel from the fuel control valve flows through the fuel valve and the torch bias relief valve to the fuel nozzles. This fuel flow is then atomized by air assist pressure. The torch flame ignites the fuel and air mixture from the fuel nozzles, beginning combustion. The engine continues to accelerate. When engine temperature reaches setpoint, approximately 350F, the torch valve and ignition are deenergized.
System Operation
Run Sequence:
If turbine temperature has not reached the setpoint in 25 seconds after attaining 15% engine speed, engine shutdown is initiated and IGNITION FAIL malfunction is indicated. If high pressure fuel pump suction pressure is lower than the setpoint of the low fuel pressure switch, approximately 7 psig, 25 seconds after attaining 15% engine speed, engine shutdown is initiated and LOW FUEL PRESS malfunction is indicated. (Contd.)
System Operation
After light-off occurs, turbine temperature increases rapidly. If temperature exceeds setpoint while accelerating to 90% engine speed, engine temperature control warning IMPENDING HIGH ENGINE TEMPERATURE is initiated.
System Operation
Run Sequence:
Fuel topping solenoid valve is energized.
Fuel flow is reduced to topping flow until turbine temperature decreases to normal. The fuel topping solenoid is then deenergized. The fuel topping solenoid operates with onoff action if the over-temperature condition persists until 90% engine speed is attained. If the temperature topping circuit malfunctions, a further temperature increase will activate a backup shutdown circuit.
System Operation
Run Sequence:
When engine speed reaches 66%, the engine start system and the atomizing air assist shutoff valve are both de-energized.
System Operation
System Operation: Run Sequence
When engine speed reaches 90%:
1)
The electronic load/speed controller (governor) takes control of the electrohydraulic servo actuator and positions the fuel control linkage to accelerate to operating speed. 2) Offset setpoints are transferred to normal operating values for engine temperature control. (Contd.)
System Operation
Run Sequence:
3) The topping control circuit is deenergized. 4) The temperature shutdown timer is armed. 5) Fuel is metered to the engine according to the demand of the electronic control system, basedon load, speed, or temperature. (Contd.)
System Operation
6) Engine speed increases to operating speed. 7) The following events take place if a turbine over-temperature condition occurs when the engine is operating above 90% speed: 8) At approximately 1,155F, the engine shutdown timer is de-energized. 9) After a 5-second delay, allowing for transient over-temperatures, HIGH ENG TEMP alarm is indicated.
10) At approximately 1200F, engine shutdown is immediate and HIGH ENG TEMP is indicated and engine shutdown is initiated.
System Operation
Shutdown Sequence:
Shutdown of the fuel system operation occurs in sequence when the stop switch or emergency stop switch (Local Panel) is pressed.
System Operation
2) The pre/postlube pump motor is energized.
3) The purge valve opens to purge the fuel system until engine speed decreases below 15%. 4) The fuel bypass valve opens to the filter outlet line. 5) The Pcd bleed valve opens to cutoff Pcd air and vent the fuel control valve. 6) Fuel valve closes to fuel injectors. 7) Control power to the electronic load/speed sensing control is stopped, and the governor is deactivated. (Contd.)
System Operation
8) Main electric fuel pump, if used, and fuel boost pump are both deenergized. 9) When the fuel supply to the engine is cut off, combustion stops and the engine begins to decelerate. 10) When engine speed decreasesbelow 15%, the purge valve and the fuel bypass valve close. 11) The engine coasts to a stop.
System Operation
Shutdown Sequence:
55 minutes after the stop switch is pressed:
1) The postlube timer relay times out.
Maintenance Overview
Maintenance Overview
Maintenance Types:
Corrective Maintenance [CM]: Reactive Based Maintenance
Maintenance Overview
Maintenance Types:
Predictive Maintenance [PDM]: Based on condition Mentoring Maintenance [Vibration analysis-oil analysis-Boroscope inspection