Land Navigation

071F5013

SSG Black
 Safety Consideration
Risk Assessment is LOW
Fire exits
Tripping hazards

Failure to learn these skills may result

in:
Call for Fire on wrong position
Improper movement
Problems associated with being lost
Terminal Learning Objective
 You will learn how to…
• Identify Topographic Symbols on a
Military Map
• Identify Terrain Features on a Map
• Determine the Grid Coordinates of a
Point on a Military Map
• Measure Distance on a Map
• Convert Azimuths
• Determine Azimuths Using a
Protractor
• Locate an Unknown Point on a Map and
on the Ground by Resection
• Locate one’s position on a Map and on
Enabling Learning Objective
A
 Definition of a Map

A graphic representation of
all or part of the Earth’s
surface drawn to scale as
seen from above, with
natural and man-made
features illustrated as
symbols, lines, and colors
15
 Map Symbols
Symbols are used to represent the natural and man-made features of
the earth.

ce
m
VEGETATION
Map
Symbols
Wood
s

Scru
b

Orchar
d

Vineyar
d

Mangrov
e
SUBMERGED AREAS Map
AND BOGS
Symbols
Marsh or
swamp

Submerge
marsh or
swamp

Wood marsh
or swamp

Submerge
wood marsh or
swamp

Rice
field

Land
subject to
inundation
RIVERS, LAKES, AND CANALS Map
Intermittent
Symbols
Perennial lake or
stream pond

Perennial Intermittent lake or

stream pond

Intermittent Dry
river lake
Well or
spring
Perennial
river

Small falls; small Da

rapids m

Large falls; large Cana

rapids l
MAN-MADE FEATURES and HIGHWAY & LAND GRIDS
Map Symbols
Built-up Highwa
Areas y

Building Land
s R Grids
oad
1 1 1
Schoo 2 3 4
l Dirt 1 1 1
Road 5 6 7
1 1 2
Churc 8 9 0
h
Bridg
e
Airport
s

Landing Foot
Strip Bridge

Cemeter ce Trai
y m l

M
ine Power
Lines

Gravel Railroa
Pit d
 Colors on the Map
• BLACK- Man-made Objects
• RED- Cultural Features
• BLUE- Water
• GREEN- Vegetation
• BROWN- Contour Lines
• RED-BROWN- Cultural features,
contour lines on red-light readable
maps

21
What is a map?
A graphic representation of all or part of the Earth’s surface drawn
to scale as seen from above, with natural and man-made features
illustrated as symbols, lines, and colors

What color(s) are used to denote

Cultural Features?
Red and Red-Brown

What is the scale of the Tenino map?

Explain.
1:50,000. 1 mm/inch/foot/yard = 50,000 mm/inch/foot/yard

What year was the Tenino Map

printed?
1975

What is the Sheet Name of the map

Marsh or Powerlin Highway
swamp
e
Enabling Learning Objective
B
 CONTOUR LINES
On a map the vertical dimension it is referred to as “relief”.
The most graphic technique ever devised to show relief information is
the contour line.

If you were to walk a contour line you would never go down hill and
never up hill, and eventually you would arrive back where you
Contour Interval ~ The contour
A=700 ft
interval is the distance between each B=740 ft
contour line. The contour interval is C=770 ft
found along the bottom edge, center of D=820
the map. ft

Index Contour ~ a bolder/wider

brown line that has the elevation value
marked at various intervals as a part of
the line.
Example: contour is 20 feet interval
Intermediate Contour ~ a brown line
 Terrain Relief Features

Five Major Three Minor

• Ridge • Spur
• Hill • Draw
• Saddle • Cliff
• Valley Two
• Depression Supplemental
• Cut
• Fill
RIDGE
HILL
S
A
D
D
L
E
VALLEY
DEPRESSION
SPURS
DRAWS
CLIFF
C
U
T

F
I
L
L
F A
B
C
D
E
F
D A
B
C
D
E
F
A A
B
C
D
E
F
E A
B
C
D
E
F
B A
B
C
D
E
F
C A
B
C
D
E
F
Five Major
Ridge
Hill
Saddle
Valley

Depression
Three Minor
Spur
Draw
A 700 C 770
Cliff
Two B 740 D 820
Supplement
Enabling Learning Objective
C
Universal Transverse Mercator
 The military grid reference
system

2. 10T
(Locating a point within the Grid Zone
Designation)
5. 10TEG
(Locating a point within a 100,000-meter
square)
8. 10TEG08
(Locating a point within a 10,000-meter
square)
11. 10TEG0787
(Locating a point within a 1,000-meter
square)

This is as close as we can get now

without a protractor
16. 10TEG071875
(Locating a point within a 100-meter
square)
19. 10TEG07168754
2
1
5. 10TEG071875
(Locating a point
within a 100-meter
square)
8. 10TEG071687
54
(Locating a point
within a 10-meter
square)
11.10TEG071658
 You read a map to the RIGHT
and UP
Start from the bottom left-hand
side and read RIGHT to the
GRID LINE prior to your target
and then UP to the GRID LINE
prior to your target.

54
10TEG071
875
E 0 8
G 7 7
8
8 071
X
875

8
7

8
6

8
5

0 0 0 0
55
5 6 7 8
 If you forget
how…
SAMPLE 1,000 METER GRID SQUARE 100 METER REFERENCE
46
1. Read large numbers labeling the VERITICAL grid
line left of point and estimate tenths (100
x meters)
Sample
point from grid line to point 12 3
2. Read large number labeling the
HORIZONTAL
grid line below point and estimate tenths (100
45
meters) from grid line to point 45 6
12 13 EXAMPLE:
123456
100,000 M. SQUARE IDENTIFICATION WHEN REPORTING OUTSIDE THE 100,000
METER SQUARE AREA IN WHICH THE POINT
EH LIES, PREFIX THE 100,000 METER SQUARE
00 IDENTIFICATION.
EG Example: EG123456

GRID ZONE DESIGNATION

WHEN REPORTING OUTSIDE THE GRID ZONE
DESIGNATION AREA IN WHICH THE POINT LIES,
PREFIX THE GRID ZONE DESIGNATION.
10T Example: 10TEG123456

56
Map 10T
Section 52
EG
What is
the grid
square? 51

EG135
0 50

How do
we
determin 49
e, with 14 15
12 13
accuracy,
the
location
PROTRACT
OR
What is the
eight digit grid
coordinate for
the mine

EG15808215
 What is the
Terrain Feature
at…
EG128985
Saddle
EH093002
Depression
EG148925
Valley
EG105781
Fill
EG183866
Ridge
EG124793
Draw
EG128979
Hill
EG145855
Cliff
EG157915
Now that we know
how to plot points
on a map it’s time
to find distance
between them
Enabling Learning Objective
D
 DETERMINING DISTANCE

MEASURE STRAIGHT
LINE DISTANCE
B

1 ½ 0 1
M ?
1½ MILES ILE ES
IL
1 ½ 1KILOMETER M
0 ?
A
 DETERMINING DISTANCE
MEASURE CURVATURE DISTANCE
The accuracy of this method is dependent on the
number of straight-line segments used.

Note: not a road A

 DETERMINING DISTANCE
MEASURE CURVATURE DISTANCE
NOTE – you can also use a string laid out on the planned route to
measure distance.

?
ES
IL
M
?
B
2 1½ 1 ½ 0 1 2
M
3 ½ MILES ILE A
STRING
STRING
2 1½ 1 ½ 0 1 2
KILOMETER A
What is the straight 4,550
distance from the meters
Church of God in
EG0385 to the
buildings in the large
What is the road 5,350
distance from the meters
Church of God in
EG0385 to the
buildings in the large
Its one
thing to
measure
distance
on a map…
its another
to convert
that to an
azimuth
and trek
through
the forest
Enabling Learning Objective
E
Determine an Azimuth on the map between two points

With protractor A
aligned with GRID
LINES drawn on the
map and the center of
the protractor aligned
on your map position
(you are here).

You see that the

azimuth is 29° or 520
MILS.
What is the
Grid
Azimuth
from the
Mines in
EG1582 to
the water
tower in
EG1185

308
degrees
 37
degrees

Bonus
Question
…What is
What is the the
Grid Magnetic
Azimuth Azimuth?
from the
Reservoir in 16
EG0499 to degrees
the machine
nest in
Enabling Learning Objective
F
There are Three Types of Azimuth
True Grid Magnetic
North North North
 THREE TYPES OF
• True North. A line fromDIRECTION
any point on the
earth's surface to the north pole.
Is represented by a star.

• Magnetic North. The direction to the

north magnetic pole G - M Angle
indicated by the north-seeking needle Your
14° + 10° = direction
of a magnetic compass. The magnetic 24° of travel
north is usually symbolized by a line ending
with half of an arrowhead.

• Grid North. vertical grid lines on the map.

Symbolized by the letters GN.
Used for UTM grid by military and
rescue teams for its accuracy and
simplicity.

G-M ANGLE. The angular difference between

GN and MN.
 CONVERSION
(four ways to remember)

Left to Right SUBTRACT WEST to EAST is least ( - ) SUBTRACT

Right to Left ADD EAST to WEST is best ( + ) ADD

G MN G
N N MN
When MN is to the west (left)
of GN
MN to GN subtract G-M ANGLE
GN to MN add G-M ANGLE

G MN G
When MN is to the east (right) N N MN
of GN
MN to GN add G-M ANGLE
GN to MN subtract G-M ANGLE
 CONVERSION
(example 1)

G - M Angle
14° + 10° =
Left to Right 24° Your
SUBTRACT direction
Right to Left ADD of travel
HOW?
From ground to map.
map
5. You measure the bearing of a landmark on the ground
with a compass. It is 49° MN.

2. The G-M ANGLE on the Map is 24°

3. So MN to GN SUBTRACT 49°- 24° = 25° GN (Draw this

on your map)
From map to ground.
ground
15. You measure the bearing of a point on the map with a
protractor (next slides). It is 25° GN.

2. The G-M ANGLE on the Map is 24°

3. So GN to MN ADD 25°+ 24° = 49° MN (Put this on your

compass)
 CONVERSION
(example 2)

Left to Right SUBTRACT

Right to Left ADD G - M Angle
14° - 5° =
HOW? 9°
From ground to map.
map
5. You measure the bearing of a landmark on the ground Your
with a compass. It is 322° MN. direction
of travel
2. The G-M ANGLE on the Map is 9°

3. So MN to GN ADD 322°+ 9° = 331° GN (Draw this

on your map)
From map to ground.
ground
15. You measure the bearing of a point on the map with a
protractor (next slides). It is 331° GN.

2. The G-M ANGLE on the Map is 9°

3. So GN to MN SUBTRACT 331°- 9° = 322° MN (Put this on your

compass)
 Lars
Ulrich
If you GO Left Add if you GO Right
What is the What is the Grid
Magnetic Azimuth Azimuth for the
for the following following Magnetic
Grid Azimuths? Azimuths?
229 degrees 84 degrees
208 degrees 105 degrees

332 degrees 6 degrees

311 degrees 27 degrees

17 degrees 350 degrees

358 degrees 11 degrees

Declination is
21 degrees
Now we can
measure
distance on a
map,
determine and
convert
azimuth… how
do we apply
this?
Enabling Learning Objective
G
 Resection
Resection is the method of
locating one’s position on
a map by determining the
GRID AZIMUTH to at least two
well-defined locations that can
be pinpointed on the map.

84
 330 degrees Mag
- 180 degrees
= 150 degrees BAM

Convert to Grid Azimuth

150 + 21 = 171 Degrees

BAG
330

15
0 6
0 60 degrees Mag
+ 180 degrees
24
= 240 degrees
0
BAM

Grid
Convert to
Azimuth
171 Degrees Back
Azimuth GRID

17
1 261 Degrees
Back Azimuth
26
GRID
1
320 degrees 25 degrees
magnetic magnetic
azimuth to a azimuth to
water tower in Crawford
EG1185 Mountain
Enabling Learning Objective
H
 Modified Resection
Modified resection is the
method of locating one’s
position on the map when the
person is located on a linear
feature on the ground, such as
a road, canal, or stream.

89
 302 degrees
Mag
- 180 degrees
= 122 degrees
Grid
Convert to
Azimuth

122 + 21 = 143
12
2

30
2
 14
3

143 Degrees Back

Azimuth GRID

Determine the
Grid
Coordinate
EG177832
 You have learned how to…
• Identify Topographic Symbols on a
Military Map
• Identify Terrain Features on a Map
• Determine the Grid Coordinates of a
Point on a Military Map
• Measure Distance on a Map
• Convert Azimuths
• Determine Azimuths Using a
Protractor
• Locate an Unknown Point on a Map and
on the Ground by Resection
• Locate one’s position on a Map and on
Next: Land Navigation Field
Lensatic Orienting a Map
Compass Determine an
• Parts Azimuth
• Using during Follow an
day Azimuth
Pace Count
Terminal Learning Objective