PERTEMUAN 13

PENGUKURAN DAYA
Introduction

Power may be defined as the rate at which energy is transformed oe
made available
In almost all cases the power in a d.c. circuit is best measured by
separately measuring quantities, V and I and by computing P=VI
In case of a.c. circuits the instantaneous power varies continuously
as the current and voltage go through a cycle of values
The fact that the power factor is involved in the expression for the
power means that a wattmeter must be used instead of merely an
ammeter and voltmeter.
Wattmeter

A wattmeter is essentially an inherent combination of an ammeter
and a voltmeter and, therefore , consists of two coils known as
current coil and pressure coil.
Wattmeter connection:
Wattmeter Errors

Error due to inductance of pressure coil


Error due to pressure coil capacitance


Error due to Eddy currents : soild metal parts are removed as far away from
the current coil as possible



( )
wattmeter of ading power True Re
cos cos
cos

=
u u

u
u
cot sin
sin

Error due to power loss in pressure coil or current coil

There are two method of connecting wattmeters in the circuit for
measurement of power, as shown in figure below (a) and (b).
Fig (a) :

Fig (b) :
c
r I W reading Wattmeter
2
+ =
p
r R
V
W reading Wattmeter
+
+ =
2
Measurement of Power in Single Phase A.C. Circuit

3-voltmeter method


Disadvantages : (i) Even small errors in measurement of voltages may
cause serious errors in the value of power, (ii) Supply voltage higher than
normal voltage is required

R
V V V
P
2
2
2
2
1
2
3

=
2 1
2
2
2
1
2
3
2
cos
V V
V V V
=
3-Ammeter method


The disadvantages of measurement of power by 3 voltmeters are overcome
in this method
( )
2
2
2
1
2
3
2
I I I
R
P =
2 1
2
2
2
1
2
3
2
cos
I I
I I I
=
Measurement of power in conjuction with instrument
transformers

This method is used when the currents and voltages of the circuits
to be measured are high
Figure below shows a measurement of power with wattmeter in
conjunction with instrument transformers in single phase A.C.
circuits
Vector diagram for inductive load







Vector diagram for capasitive load

o | u =
( ) o | u u


=
cos cos
cos
K
o | u + + =
( ) o | u u

+ +
=
cos cos
cos
K
Measurement of Power in 3-Phase Circuit

Measurement of power in 3-
phase, 4-wire circuits-----------

P=W
1
+W
2
+W
3





Measurement of power in 3-
phase, 3-wire circuits-------------

P=W
1
+W
2
+W
3



3-wattmeter method of measuring
3-phase power of delta connected
P=W
1
+W
2
+W
3





1-wattmeter method of measuring
balanced 3-phase power (a) star
connected, (b) delta connected
P=3W

2-wattmeter method of measuring
3-phase 3-wire power :
(a) star connected,
P=W
1
+W
2







(b) delta connected
P=W
1
+W
2




Determination of P.F. from Wattmeter Reading

If load is balanced, then p.f. of the
load can be determined from the
wattmeter readings
Vector diagram for balanced star
connected inductive load -----




The watt-ratio Curve ----------

p.f. can be determined from
reading of two wattmeters
( )
2 1
2 1 1
3
tan cos cos
W W
W W
+