Repro-101

Shana M. Machado & Marjan Tofigh

March 6, 2009
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 History of Contraceptives-
Natural Method.
 Women used to nurse their
children for two or three years
◦ Suppress ovulation
 Coitus reservatus or
withholding ejaculation
 Coitus interruptus or
withdrawing before ejaculation

http://farm1.static.flickr.com/139/328103492_4c8a11ee21.jpg?v=0
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 History of Contraceptives.
 Soranus- Greek gynecologist, second
century AD
◦ Women were fertile during ovulation
(correct)-wrong when he said that
ovulation occurred during menstruation
 Remedies
◦ Jump backward seven times after
intercourse
Intent of rerouting or dislodging the sperm
◦ Holding the breath and drawing the body
back during sex
Sperm could not penetrate the mouth of the
uterus
◦ Sitting down on bent knees in order to
provoke sneezing
 Oral contraceptive-drinking the water
that the blacksmiths used to cool hot
metals

http://www.iped.com.br/sie/uploads/10096.jpg 3
 History of Contraceptives-
Barriers.
 Sea sponges made of soft wool
◦ Soaked in vinegar or lemon juice to
create a spermacide
 ½ Lemon was placed in vagina
 Large wooden block was placed
in the vagina
Uncomfortable and deemed a device
of torture
 Oriental women used oiled paper
"capping the cervix" was
effective while European women
used beeswax

http://img.alibaba.com/photo/11416316/Warning_And_Alert_Barriers.jpg
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 History of Contraceptives-
IUDs.
 Attributed to Arabs
 Stick pebbles into the
uteruses of their
camels
◦ Pregnancy prevention
 Create a mild infection
in the uterus

http://www.istockphoto.com/file_thumbview_approve/5703087
/2/istockphoto_5703087_camel_cartoon.jpg 5
http://www.medgadget.com/archives/img/iud-lg.jpg
 History of Contraceptives-
Condoms.
 Egyptians wore condoms made
out of fabric
◦ Not as a contraceptive but as
protection from insect bites
 19th century-Charles Goodyear
◦ First rubber condom
 1882-Invention of diaphragm
 1992-Femidom-female condom

http://images.teamsugar.com/files/users/1/12981/37_2007/diaphragm.jpg
http://news.bbc.co.uk/olmedia/490000/images/_493484_femidom300.jpg
http://www.plannedparenthood.org/uhpp/images/Upper%20Hudson/condoms.jpg 6
History of Oral
Contraceptives.
Urine and animal parts along
with mercury, arsenic, or
strychnine
 India imbibed carrot seeds,
and an aboriginal group in
Eastern Canada drank a tea
brewed with beaver testicles
 1960-Frank Colton-Enovid
◦ First oral contraceptive
◦ Synthesized Norethynodrel
(progestin)
 Carl Djerassi
◦ Modern contraceptive
◦ Progestin norethindrone

http://joelnafziger.files.wordpress.com/2008/04/normal_photo_no_247.jpg
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Inheritance of X and Y
Chromosomes.

http://www.mfi.ku.dk/ppaulev/chapter29/images/29-1.jpg
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26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bookshelf/picrender.fcgi%3Fbook%3Dgene%26part%3
Dgonad-dys-
46xy%26blobname%3Dgonaddys46xy_Fig1.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bookshelf/br.fcgi%3Fbook%3Dgene%26part%3D
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46xy.F1&usg=__FeKzs0i09zD49k6W1RXBl1Owj88=&h=723&w=965&sz=281&hl=en&start=5&um=1&tbnid=ASuEF8f-bC0v7M
General
Pattern of
Hormonal
Control of
Reproductio
n. Already
Discussed

Focus

http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/NR/rdonlyres/2B66E5CE-F534-48D4-80FB-774BE5EC6DF5/0/bart162.gif

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Male Reproductive
System.
•External genitalia-
penis and scrotum
•Scrotum-outside
location is necessary
for sperm development
•Glans penis-prepuce
•Accessory glands and
ducts
•Prostate gland
•Seminal vesicles
•Bulbourethral gland
•Contribute
secretions to semen

https://secure.india-herbs.com/Images2/male_reproduction_system2.jpg 11
 Composition of
Semen

Human Physiology: An Integrated Approach,

Silverthorn.
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 Male Reproductive Structures.

•Erectile tissue-
Corpus cavernosum,
Corpus spongiosum

http://knol.google.com/k/-/-/O879r3Nx/MJ-NIA/cross_section_text1.jpg 13
Testes.

Produces Testosterone,
Estradiol

http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://academic.kellogg.cc.mi.us/herbrandsonc/bio201_McKinley/f28-4a-
d_ovary_c.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.google.com/notebook/public/05789870409902369879/BDQyCSwoQrem50KQj&usg=__SAasI
GTm_frIMxUndlYAkBuPFc4=&h=619&w=800&sz=279&hl=en&start=18&um=1&tbnid=vYFjgIIwx0KacM:&tbnh=111&tbnw=143&
prev=/images%3Fq%3Doogenesis%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26rlz%3D1T4GWYX_enUS311US311%26sa%3DX
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Spermatogene
sis.
•Sertoli cells-regulate
sperm development

•Entire process from

spermatogonium division
until sperm are released
into the tubule takes ~64
days

•~200 million sperm/day

https://eapbiofield.wikispaces.com/file/view/Spermatogenesis.jpg

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Leydig Cells
Produce
Testosteron
e and
Estradiol.

http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bookshelf/picrender.fcgi%3Fbook%3Dendocrin%
26part%3DA972%26blobname%3Dch6fb30.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bookshelf/br.fcgi%3Fbook%3D
endocrin%26part%3DA972%26rendertype%3Dbox%26id%3DA1174&usg=__NCMIQqmkck24CkQ33FPrwd-
oBfw=&h=486&w=603&sz=151&hl=en&start=64&um=1&tbnid=grInOgVJU6fyZM:&tbnh=109&tbnw=135&prev=/ima
ges%3Fq%3Dleydig%2Bcell%26start%3D60%26ndsp%3D20%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26rlz%3D1T4GWYX_enUS311
US311%26sa%3DN 16
Hormonal Control
of
Spermatogenesis.

http://anatomy.iupui.edu/courses/histo_D502/D502f04/lecture.f04/Malef04/gonadhormones.jpg
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 Sperm Anatomy.

Microtubule
Tail s
(flagellum)

http://www.infertilitybooks.com/onlinebooks/malpani/images/04b_sperm_cell.jpg
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 Vulva-External Genitalia.
•Pudendum- “To
be Ashamed”
•Labia majora,
minora-folds of
skin
•Clitoris-small bud
of erectile, sensory
tissue
•Vagina-cavity that
receives penis
during copulation

http://content.revolutionhealth.com/contentimages/images-image_popup-ans7_vulva.jpg
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Female Reproductive
System.

3.

2.

1.

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http://www.uh.edu/~tgill2/image008.jpg
 Female Reproductive
System.
4.

5.

3.

2. 1.

http://www.octc.kctcs.edu/GCaplan/anat2/notes/Image691.gif
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 Uterine Tissue Layers.

http://anatomyatlases.org/MicroscopicAnatomy/Images/Plate252.jpg
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Human Ovary.

http://www.colorado.edu/intphys/ip
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 Primary
Follicle.

http://it.stlawu.edu/~mtem/devbiol/36c89bf2.jpg
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Developme
nt of
Ovarian
Follicles.

http://academic.kellogg.cc.mi.us/herbrandsonc/bio201_McKinley/f28-4a-d_ovary_c.jpg

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Oogenesis.

http://www.tarleton.edu/~anatomy/oogenesis.jpg

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Menstrual
Cycle.

RUN FOR YOUR

LIFE!
•2 cycles-Ovarian,
Uterine
•Under 1º control
of: GnRH , FSH, LH,
Estrogen,
Progesterone, and
Inhibin
•Follicular phase-
Estrogen
•Ovulation phase-LH
•Luteal phase-
Progesterone

http://www.fertility.com/Images/ovariancycle_tcm38-439.jpg
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Principal Steroidogenic Pathways in the
Ovarian Follicle.

http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bookshelf/picrender.fcgi%3Fbook%3Dend
ocrin%26part%3DA972%26blobname%3Dch6fb44.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bookshelf/br.fcgi
%3Fbook%3Dendocrin%26part%3DA972%26rendertype%3Dbox%26id%3DA1227&usg=__ujjKDAzxCxTCvnbO0_
yoW4aWf7o=&h=385&w=549&sz=119&hl=en&start=2&um=1&tbnid=4gPXLe6Wd2t1M:&tbnh=93&tbnw=133
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 Topics beginning 3/11/09
 Oral Contraceptives
◦ Benefits/Risks
◦ Why no male oral contraceptives?
 Prezygotic, postzygotic abortion
 Pregnancy tests
 Do women have to have a
period/mth.?
 Premenopause hormone therapy
 Male hormone cycles
 In vitro fertilization

http://www.cartoonstock.com/lowres/dre0309l.jpg

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